Preliminary PDHPE Assignment Essay

1) Recount the story of the individual in relation to how the adversity they faced as affected their health status. The individual who I decided to research is now well known for her job hosting the Biggest Loser, Hayley Lewis. At 15 years old Hayley Lewis had won 5 Gold medals at the 1990 Commonwealth Games. She weighed 58kg and never thought anything about her weight at the time as she was fit, healthy and muscular. A magazine came out saying that she was â€Å"a fit 15 year old but a bit heavy legged. † From then on she started to get bigger and bigger. A year later her weight had crept up to 65kg and by the 1992 Barcelona Olympics she weighed 73kg. Hayley was told by her coach to lose weight and the more and more she was told, the more she turned to food for comfort. By being told she was â€Å"heavy legged† from the media and being told to lose weight the more this impacted on her physically, mentally, socially and spiritually. By being overweight this cut short Hayley’s swimming career as she was embarrassed, suffered anxiety and hated being publicly scrutinised. Hayley Lewis also hated getting out of bed because she knew she had to put on her â€Å"togs†. She said that she was racing with girls 20kg lighter and you can’t hide anything when you’re in swimmers. She also said that she used to focus on her weight every time she jumped up on to the starting block instead of focusing on her race. By being judged because of her physical appearance made her quit her swimming career because she felt that she didn’t fit in anywhere. This affected both her mental and spiritual health. Because Hayley Lewis had a negative physical health status this impacted on her emotional health as all the dimensions of health are interdependent on one another and when one area of health is going downhill this can impact on all the other aspects of an individuals’ health status. Hayley Lewis had a low self-esteem and didn’t believe in herself. This was because she was bullied about her physical appearance and the media made her feel shameful about her weight. She didn’t enjoy the success of being a swimmer either because of the shame and guilt she felt about herself and her personal body image. Another factor that could have made an impact on Hayley’s health status is the death of her younger sister as this could have made her turn to food for comfort. Hayley Lewis had to face a 20 year weight battle from when she was 15 until she was 35 when she had her second child. During her pregnancy Hayley gained another 25kg. When she got a phone call from Jenny Craig to become an ambassador she finally realised how overweight she was and decided to do something about it. She lost 4kg in the first week and was finally getting back on track and gaining these precious years of her life back. Hayley Lewis is now the current host of the Biggest Loser and says she can relate to the contestants so well as she knows exactly what they have been through and what they are going through. She hopes to inspire them and become as good a role model as she can so they get to love themselves the way she does about herself now. Hayley Lewis has faced major adversity in her life and it has affected her health status physically, mentally, socially and spiritually. She has finally pulled through and is at a great point in her life, has overcome her weight battles and has made herself proud for where her body has gotten her today. a) Evaluate how the dimensions of health have interacted to construct the health status of the individual. Hayley Lewis’ physical, mental, social and spiritual health have interacted to construct Hayley’s current health status as all these dimensions are interdependent upon one another. If one aspect of health is positive then this will most likely have an impact on all the other aspects of an individual’s health. Hayley’s physical health when she was younger was fairly poor. When Jenny Craig came into the picture this made Hayley become aware and realise just how poor her physical health was. Because of this sudden realisation, this has constructed Hayley Lewis’ current health status in many ways because she finally did something about her poor health. She started to lose weight and the motivation of the Jenny Craig program helped her pull through. She was given meal and exercise plans but as a retired swimmer she was used to having the pre-organised eating and training schedule. She had overcome her previous body image demons and she realised that she had a new focus in life because of becoming a parent. She had to step up and become the best role model she could be for her children. She threw out all the old photos she had of herself as an overweight teenager and returned to the pool in 2000 with a renewed confidence. She still has â€Å"good days and bad days, like everyone† but has learnt to love, admire, appreciate and nurture her body with respect as you only get one. Her previous physical health has now constructed Hayley’s current health status as she is now a size 8-10, lost 20kg and has maintained her weight by eating nutritiously, planning her meals and exercising often. Hayley now has a positive physical health status and hopes to inspire others, such as the biggest loser contestants, with her own personal inspiring story. Hayley Lewis’ emotional health has had a major impact on the construction of her current health status. Mentally, Hayley never used to believe in herself and had a very low self-esteem and body image. Now that she has become aware of her poor health status and has lost 20kg she now has a positive headspace and a positive outlook on life. She has a renewed confidence but still has â€Å"bad days† like everyone. By relating to the current biggest loser contestants this has made her feel proud to where her body and mind has gotten her today and wants to help them out so they can feel how she feels about herself now. Hayley’s new and improved positive emotional health has had a major impact on all the other aspects of her health and has created an overall positive health and wellbeing for herself as the dimensions of health are all interdependent upon one another. When Hayley Lewis was younger her social health suffered because she was overweight physically and didn’t look positive on life because of her poor emotional health. She was bullied, compared to others and was always being judged, if not by the media, by her coach and family & friends. She now has a very positive social health as she is now married to a very understanding and cooperative husband and has 2 children. Her confidence is now booming compared to when she was fighting her 20 year weight battle. Her confidence has allowed her to improve her relationships with family and friends and now she can also relate to the biggest loser contestants because they have become her friends. She is very inspirational towards these contestants and has also become very close to them and helping them renew their lives and start fresh. Spiritually, Hayley now feels a sense of belonging and worth compared to the adversity she faced because she has fought and finally won her weight battles. She is now fit and healthy, can relate to and feels apart of the biggest loser family and also has a special family of her own. She now has a very positive headspace and this has impacted on and changed her life in many ways. Hayley’s life changing experience of winning her 20 year weight battled has occurred because she finally became aware of how poor her health was. The 4 dimensions of health, physical, mental, social and spiritual, have all worked together with each other and have constructed Hayley Lewis’ current health status in a very positive way. Because she started losing weight she noticed that all her emotional, social and spiritual aspects of health have benefited her overall health. This is because all these dimensions are interdependent upon each other and construct the overall health status of an individual. b) Evaluate how the relative and dynamic nature of health has impacted upon the health status of the individual. Due to her own personal experiences Hayley Lewis would now rate her health as being optimal. She has battled with her weight for 20 years and has finally overcome that. As well as being at her goal weight by eating healthy, exercising and creating meal plans for herself she has to take into account how the relative and dynamic nature of health has impacted upon her own personal health status. Relative and dynamic nature of health refers to how health can vary from time to time and fluctuate all over the place. Illnesses, accidents, personal experiences, environmental factors or an individuals’ socioeconomic status can have an impact on an individual’s level of health at any point during their lives. These continual changes in a person’s health mean that health is dynamic. Judging where a person is along the health continuum at any point of time is highly subjective as people all over the world have different perceptions about what is optimal or â€Å"normal† health. By overcoming her 20 year weight battle, Hayley Lewis now has a better knowledge of what good health is. She perceives herself in a more positive way and the result of this is that the public and people all around her are perceiving her in a more positive way also. By believing in yourself can affect how others see you and believe that you have potential whereas if you don’t believe in yourself then others will think the same. This is one of the reasons that Hayley Lewis’ confidence has risen over time because now that her self-esteem has risen she realised that people were starting to perceive her, and her health, in different and a more positive way. By being the host of the biggest loser and becoming friends with the contestants has affected Hayley Lewis’ health status. She is now socioeconomically advantaged as she has a permanent job with a high income. This will impact her health status because it can affect her choices such as buying more, but nutritious food, and she now has more money to spend on fitness and recreational resources such as gyms and swimming pools. This can impact Hayley’s health physically, mentally, socially and spiritually as she now feels a sense of control and value over her life.

Gender Stereotypes essays

Gender Stereotypes essays Today, every one of us is spending more of his leisure time watching TV, listening to the radio or reading newspapers and magazines. The shows on the TV and the articles in the newspapers influence our decision process, shaping our perceptions for the world. Besides the positive fact that we are better informed and in touch with the latest news, we should be aware that accepting this enormous flow of information and allowing it to make our mind can be dangerous. The TVs infiltrate our lives, guiding us what are we supposed to wear, how are we supposed to look and act. Children, because of lack of mature judging values, are more susceptible to the influence of the television. They tend to accept everything they see on TV as real. Kids often identify with movie characters and comics figures much more than the elder generation does. It is the role of the parents to teach them that not everythink that glitters is gold and to give them a better perception of the world. That of course does not mean that parents are affected less by the TV. On the contrary, they are often more affected than their kids, of course not by cartoons, but by shows that contain information about serious subjects such as parenthood. Concerned with being good parents, people are accumulating a lot of information on the subject. As the information can be very helpful, sometimes it can be destructive. That is the case when it comes to the problem of "tomboys" and "sissies." What are these two terms used for? The term "tomboy" is used when referring to a girl who is masculine, and the term "sissy" is used when referring to a boy who is feminine. We need to state what we consider feminine and what is masculine. According to the established sense in the society, femininity and masculinity are tightly bound to gender. Men are supposed to be masculine. They are expected to be strong, rough, to have high stamina. They are...

Objetos prohibidos en equipaje de mano en aviones USA

Objetos prohibidos en equipaje de mano en aviones USA En Estados Unidos, la Administracià ³n de Seguridad en el Transporte (TSA, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) es la agencia encargada de examinar en los aeropuertos a pasajeros y sus equipajes y sus oficiales los que tienen la à ºltima palabra sobre quà © se permite embarcar en el equipaje de mano. Las normas cambian frecuentemente, teniendo en cuenta esa advertencia, decir que en este artà ­culo se informa sobre cules son las reglas en el momento de escribir este artà ­culo y que aplican a los vuelos domà ©sticos dentro de Estados Unidos y sus territorios, como Puerto Rico. Casi siempre son las mismas que aplican en los vuelos que despegan desde los aeropuertos en EE.UU y en los que se dirigen desde otro paà ­s hacia dichos aeropuertos. Sin embargo, hay excepciones como el caso de ganchillos y agujas de calcetar, conocidas en algunos paà ­ses como agujas de punto. Para mayor claridad, se ha estructurado la informacià ³n segà ºn el tipo de objetos. Cuidado personal en forma de là ­quidos, aerosoles y geles Se puede subir al avià ³n là ­quidos, aerosoles y geles en botellas con una cantidad inferior a 3.4 onzas (100ml). Se aconseja que todos estos artà ­culos se coloquen en una bolsa de plstico transparente de tamaà ±o de un cuarto que cierre con cremallera.   Tener en cuenta que solamente se permite una bolsa por pasajero, lo cual es una forma de limitar el total de là ­quido abordo y evitar que los pasajeros lleven cantidades mayores a las permitas repartidas en varias botellas. Es recomendable que al llegar al control de rayos-x colocar la bolsa transparente que contiene esos artà ­culos en una bandeja, para facilitar asà ­ la labor de los oficiales de la TSA. Si se desea llevar ms cantidad porque se hace un viaje largo, colocar el là ­quido, gel o aerosol en las maletas que viajan como cargo. Por à ºltimo, tener en consideracià ³n que los aerosoles sà ³lo se permiten en cantidades muy limitadas  y cuando son para uso de cuidado personal. En todos los dems casos se consideran como un peligro y ni pueden embarcarse ni guardarse en las maletas de cargo. Artà ­culos electrà ³nicos Estas son las reglas: En primer lugar, si se lleva un artà ­culo electrà ³nico, asegurarse de retirar de su interior CDs, cassettes o DVDs, antes de pasar el control de seguridad En segundo lugar, las computadoras personales (conocidas tambià ©n por su nombre en inglà ©s de laptop), las consolas de videojuegos y los aparatos de reproduccià ³n de DVD deben sacarse de sus cajas o bolsas para pasar por el control de rayos-x. Aunque se trate de artà ­culos permitidos, los oficiales de la TSA pueden impedir que se suba al avià ³n si  parece que han sido alterados o que pueden ser un peligro. Armas y municià ³n En los vuelos internos est prohibido subirlas al avià ³n. Si se tiene la debida licencia se puede transportar en las maletas que viajan en cargo. Comidas para bebà ©s Se permite en cantidades razonables.  Declarar estos artà ­culos al llegar al control de rayos-x. Comidas y bebidas para adultos No pueden superar los 3.4 onzas (100 ml). La excepcià ³n son las bebidas alcohà ³licas, ya que se permite un mximo de 3 onzas, si bien si se compraron despuà ©s de pasar el control de seguridad se permite que se suban al avià ³n. Asimismo, se pueden llevar tortas (cakes/pies), pero sern sujetos a la debida inspeccià ³n. En los viajes desde otro paà ­s hacia los Estados Unidos deben seguirse reglas estrictas con respecto a los alimentos, tanto en equipaje de mano como el de cargo. Instrumentos musicales La TSA permite 1 instrumento por persona. Pero verificar con la aerolà ­nea. En los vuelos internacionales, habà ­a que dar especial atencià ³n al material, ya que si tiene marfil en alguno de sus componentes podrà ­a haber serios problemas. Sin embargo, recientemente se llegà ³ a la conclusià ³n de que el marfil en instrumentos no contribuà ­a a la matanza de elefantes para sacarles el marfil. Por lo tanto, si la cantidad de marfil es pequeà ±a, no hay problemas. Aunque no hay una cantidad predeterminada, se considera que menos de 200 gr de marfil en un instrumento no darà ­a lugar a problemas. Medicamentos y objetos necesarios en caso de necesidades especiales Los medicamentos deben estar en su envase original en el que se muestre su nombre en una etiqueta profesional y el nombre de la farmacà ©utica.   Adems, si se trata de medicamentos sujetos a prescripcià ³n mà ©dica, como por ejemplo los antibià ³ticos, hay que llevar la receta. Este punto es importante porque se trata de sustancias controladas y su posesià ³n sin receta puede dar lugar a graves problemas. Si la medicina est en forma là ­quida se puede superar los 100 ml (3.4 onzas) siempre que sea una cantidad razonable que deba utilizarse durante el vuelo. Notificar al oficial de la TSA al llegar al punto de control que se lleva ese là ­quido. En cuanto a objetos como muletas o sillas de ruedas, pasarn por un control. Cerillas y encendedores   Se puede subir un encendedor cargado al avià ³n y tambià ©n una caja de cerillas, excepto si à ©stas son las que se pueden encender en contacto con cualquier tipo de superficie. Como curiosidad decir que, por el contrario, no se puede guardar en las valijas del equipaje que no suben a bordo ningà ºn tipo de cerillas y que casi todos los encendedores estn prohibidos asà ­ como las recargas.   Objetos agudos como tijeras, agujas o ganchillos Est prohibido subirlos al avià ³n, excepto  tijeras con cuchillas de tamaà ±o inferior a 4 pulgadas. En cuanto a las agujas de calcetar o ganchillos, estn permitidos en vuelos domà ©sticos dentro de Estados Unidos, pero se aconseja que sean de madera o plstico. En los vuelos internacionales hacia Estados Unidos deben viajar facturados en cargo. Herramientas Se pueden llevar desatornilladores, llaves y alicates, pero debidamente cubiertos para evitar accidentes y siempre que medidos a lo largo no excedan de las 7 pulgadas. Regalos envueltos en papel   No estn prohibidos, pero el oficial de la TSA puede retirar el papel si considera que procede inspeccionar con mayor detenimiento. Otros artà ­culos permitidos a bordo caà ±as de pescarAgujas de calcetar o de coserpelotas de fà ºtbol (soccer), baloncesto, bà ©isbol, etc. Artà ­culos prohibidos Bates de bà ©isbol, palos de hockey, palos de billar o de golf Mascotas Preguntar a la là ­nea aà ©rea pero generalmente pueden volar en cabina mascotas de poco tamaà ±o y peso. Lo que sà ­ hay que respetar son las reglas que regulan su ingreso a los Estados Unidos en el caso de vuelos internacionales. A tener en cuenta Si se viaja con joyas o una cantidad de dinero importante se puede solicitar al oficial de la TSA una inspeccià ³n privada, respetando los là ­mites en vuelos internacionales. Si se viaja con una animal de compaà ±Ãƒ ­a porque se sufre una incapacidad, por ejemplo, se es ciego y se lleva perro guà ­a, entonces hay que probar la identidad del animal y debe de llevar arnà ©s.   En caso de duda, verificar siempre con la pgina oficial de Transportation Security Administration o llamar gratis al 1-866-289-9673 o escribir un correo electrà ³nico a ContactCenterdhs.gov Por à ºltimo, asegurarse de tener documentacià ³n que permite embarcar, incluso en los vuelos domà ©sticos. Puntos clave Puede llevarse en equipaje de mano en avià ³n là ­quidos y geles en cantidad inferior a 100 ml.Los artà ­culos electrà ³nicos deben sacarse de sus cajasLos medicamentos se suben a cabina en envase original y con prescripcià ³n mà ©dica (si aplica)Los oficiales de la TSA pueden exigir quitar el papel de regalo de un objeto. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal

com172 WK 5 Final draft Essay

com172 WK 5 Final draft Essay com172 WK 5 Final draft Essay Animals in Service Kelly Hughes Com 172 January 12, 2015 John Cantlon Animals in Service Humans and dogs have been co-existing for over 8,000 years, and they continue to follow man throughout history. The fact that they can be such a positive value to humans, psychologically, physiologically, and socially. Many Americans that suffer from seizers, depression, anxiety, Autism, and other psychological disorders have found service dogs to be a resourceful tool. However the dogs must pass a rigorous training program before they can be placed with their new handler. In conjunction with that dogs are now being rescued from shelters, and are trained by prison inmates involved this new program. After completing the program they will be placed with war veterans, and children with Autism. Animals have positive effects on humans mentally and physically by just simply having them in their lives. History of the Human/Animal Bond Throughout history dogs and humans have been together. They have been co-existing for over 8,000 years. In fact no one is even sure what originally even attracted them to one another. Regardless, they have found a few ways to make use of this relationship. The Native Americans benefited from wolves in a few different ways, protection from intruders, and help with hunting. Some early American settlers even used dogs to track and hunt buffalo. As well as using them to transport the buffalo meat from camp to camp. Researchers have said there is evidence dogs appeared during the artic period, and the human migrations to America from Asia. This strange connection humans have to these once wild animals continues to offer a multitude of advantages. Health Benefits Social inhibitions can be a difficult problem for some people. Studies show being in the company of a pet allows the owner to seen more approachable by friendly strangers. This allows the pet owner to benefit from social interactions. When someone is shy, awkward, and constantly feeling rejection from society, positive encounters begin to break down the walls of communication. That is when they start to establish healthy relationships with other people. Being united with a companion animal will give the handler an opportunity to be noticed by another person wanting to engage in conversation. Loneness is another difficult and painful problem. This causes such unpleasant side effects that solitary confinement is often given as a punishment in our society. After a review of several medical books in regards to the association between heart attacks and loneness, and reveals some astonishing information. Case in point people socially deprived are between two and four times more li kely to succumb to a heart attack verses people who socialize regularly. More than that a comparison of single people, as opposed to married couples, in which being single raises the chance of serious health factors. In correlation with those findings, loneness has been linked to deadly strokes, and recovery from a major illness is unlikely. On top of that people deprived from social situations can be linked to car accidents and other incidents. So if feeling lonely is the common denominator, and there is relief available without medical treatment, would that be a viable option? Many would agree and give all ones got to make a comeback. Service animals can understand their handlers’ needs, and produce results that are beneficial to one’s recovery. The Dogs’ Program Professionals have agreed there is a mysterious connection between dogs and humans, and yet it is still unfounded. Researchers have hypothesized different theories, but it continues to be a mystery. In conjunction with dogs natural devotion to humans, and their undying loyalty causes them to become a valuable tool for someone with a disability. Once a vigorous training program is passed, the animal can be placed with the new

Atypical Pneumonia essays

Atypical Pneumonia essays Atypical pneumonia, also known as walking pneumonia, is a common cause of community-acquired pneumonia. Mycoplasm pneumomiae is the responsible organism which results in pneumonia in only 3% of cases; 20% of infections are asymptomatic, while 77% involve the upper respiratory tract. Although atypical pneumonia can occur at any time of the year, outbreaks tend to occur in the fall. The incubation period averages 3 weeks, in contrast to that of influenza and other viral pneumonias, which generally are a few days. Epidemics of mycoplasmal pneumonia tend to occur every 4-8 years in the general population and tend to be more frequent within closed populations, such as in military and prison populations. Mycoplasmal pneumonia is a disease of insidious onset. The patients history may include fever and chills, malaise, worsening dry cough, headache, scratchy sore throat, sore chest and tracheal tenderness and pleuritic chest pain, which is usually rare. Most cases of pneumonia due to M pneumoniae resolve after several weeks, although a dry cough can be present for as long as a month; some patients can have a protracted illness lasting as long as 6 weeks. The physical exam will reveal a nontoxic general appearance, erythematous tympanic membranes or bullous myringitis, mild pharyngeal erythema with minimal or no cervical adenopathy and no exudates. Usually there is a normal chest and lung exam with early infection but rhonchi, rales, and/or wheezes are heard via auscultation several days later. Generally lab studies are not needed but can be obtained. Complete blood counts tend to be within normal limits or slightly elevated. Sedimentation rate can be elevated with prolong infections. Chest radiographs should be obtained for definitive diagnosis, however at times there are no findings on x-ray and the clinician should treat presumptively. Macrolide antibiotics such as Erythromycin or Azithromycin are the drug treatment of choice due ...

A Short History of the Rwandan Genocide

A Short History of the Rwandan Genocide On April 6, 1994, Hutus began slaughtering the Tutsis in the African country of Rwanda. As the brutal killings continued, the world stood idly by and just watched the slaughter. Lasting 100 days, the Rwandan Genocide left approximately 800,000 Tutsis and Hutu sympathizers dead. Who Are the Hutu and Tutsi? The Hutu and Tutsi are two peoples who share a common past. When Rwanda was first settled, the people who lived there raised cattle. Soon, the people who owned the most cattle were called Tutsi, and everyone else was called Hutu. At this time, a person could easily change categories through marriage or cattle acquisition. It wasnt until Europeans came to colonize the area that the terms Tutsi and Hutu took on a racial role. The Germans were the first to colonize Rwanda in 1894. They looked at the Rwandan people and thought the Tutsi had more European characteristics, such as lighter skin and a taller build. Thus they put Tutsis in roles of responsibility. When the Germans lost their colonies following World War I, the Belgians took control of Rwanda. In 1933, the Belgians solidified the categories of Tutsi and Hutu by mandating that every person was to have an identity card that labeled them either Tutsi, Hutu, or Twa. (The Twa are a very small group of hunter-gatherers who also live in Rwanda.) Although the Tutsi constituted only about ten percent of Rwandas population and the Hutu nearly 90 percent, the Belgians gave the Tutsi all the leadership positions. This upset the Hutu. When Rwanda struggled for independence from Belgium, the Belgians switched the status of the two groups. Facing a revolution instigated by the Hutu, the Belgians let the Hutus, who constituted the majority of Rwandas population, be in charge of the new government. This upset the Tutsi, and the animosity between the two groups continued for decades. The Event That Sparked the Genocide At 8:30 p.m. on April 6, 1994, President Juvà ©nal Habyarimana of Rwanda was returning from a summit in Tanzania when a surface-to-air missile shot his plane out of the sky over Rwandas capital city of Kigali. All on board were killed in the crash. Since 1973, President Habyarimana, a Hutu, had run a totalitarian regime in Rwanda, which had excluded all Tutsis from participating. That changed on August 3, 1993, when Habyarimana signed the Arusha Accords, which weakened the Hutu hold on Rwanda and allowed Tutsis to participate in the government, which greatly upset Hutu extremists. Although it has never been determined who was truly responsible for the assassination, Hutu extremists profited the most from Habyarimanas death. Within 24 hours after the crash, Hutu extremists had taken over the government, blamed the Tutsis for the assassination, and begun the slaughter. 100 Days of Slaughter The killings began in Rwandas capital city of Kigali. The Interahamwe (those who strike as one), an anti-Tutsi youth organization established by Hutu extremists, set up roadblocks. They checked identification cards and killed all who were Tutsi. Most of the killing was done with machetes, clubs, or knives. Over the next few days and weeks, roadblocks were set up around Rwanda. On April 7, Hutu extremists began purging the government of their political opponents, which meant both Tutsis and Hutu moderates were killed. This included the prime minister. When ten Belgian U.N. peacekeepers tried to protect the prime minister, they too were killed. This caused Belgium to start withdrawing its troops from Rwanda. Over the next several days and weeks, the violence spread. Since the government had the names and addresses of nearly all Tutsis living in Rwanda (remember, each Rwandan had an identity card that labeled them Tutsi, Hutu, or Twa), the killers could go door to door, slaughtering the Tutsis. Men, women, and children were murdered. Since bullets were expensive, most Tutsis were killed by hand weapons, often machetes or clubs. Many were often tortured before being killed. Some of the victims were given the option of paying for a bullet so that theyd have a quicker death. Also during the violence, thousands of Tutsi women were raped. Some were raped and then killed, others were kept as sex slaves for weeks. Some Tutsi women and girls were also tortured before being killed, such as having their breasts cut off or had sharp objects shoved up their vagina. Slaughter Inside Churches, Hospitals, and Schools Thousands of Tutsis tried to escape the slaughter by hiding in churches, hospitals, schools, and government offices. These places, which historically have been places of refuge, were turned into places of mass murder during the Rwandan Genocide. One of the worst massacres of the Rwandan Genocide took place on April 15 to 16, 1994 at the Nyarubuye Roman Catholic Church, located about 60 miles east of Kigali. Here, the mayor of the town, a Hutu, encouraged Tutsis to seek sanctuary inside the church by assuring them they would be safe there. Then the mayor betrayed them to the Hutu extremists. The killing began with grenades and guns but soon changed to machetes and clubs. Killing by hand was tiresome, so the killers took shifts. It took two days to kill the thousands of Tutsi who were inside. Similar massacres took place around Rwanda, with many of the worst ones occurring between April 11 and the beginning of May. Mistreatment of the Corpses To further degrade the Tutsi, Hutu extremists would not allow the Tutsi dead to be buried. Their bodies were left where they were slaughtered, exposed to the elements, eaten by rats and dogs. Many Tutsi bodies were thrown into rivers, lakes, and streams in order to send the Tutsis back to Ethiopia- a reference to the myth that the Tutsi were foreigners and originally came from Ethiopia. Media Played a Huge Role in the Genocide For years, the Kangura newspaper, controlled by Hutu extremists, had been spouting hate. As early as December 1990, the paper published The Ten Commandments for the Hutu. The commandments declared that any Hutu who married a Tutsi was a traitor. Also, any Hutu who did business with a Tutsi was a traitor. The commandments also insisted that all strategic positions and the entire military must be Hutu. To isolate the Tutsis even further, the commandments also told the Hutu to stand by other Hutu and to stop pitying the Tutsi. When RTLM (Radio Tà ©là ©vison des Milles Collines) began broadcasting on July 8, 1993, it also spread hate. However, this time it was packaged to appeal to the masses by offering popular music and broadcasts conducted in a very informal, conversational tone. Once the killings started, RTLM went beyond just espousing hate; they took an active role in the slaughter. The RTLM called for the Tutsi to cut down the tall trees, a code phrase which meant for the Hutu to start killing the Tutsi. During broadcasts, RTLM often used the term inyenzi (cockroach) when referring to Tutsis and then told Hutu to crush the cockroaches. Many RTLM broadcasts announced names of specific individuals who should be killed; RTLM even included information about where to find them, such as home and work addresses or known hangouts. Once these individuals had been killed, RTLM then announced their murders over the radio. The RTLM was used to incite the average Hutu to kill. However, if a Hutu refused to participate in the slaughter, then members of the Interahamwe would give them a choice- either kill or be killed. The World Stood By and Just Watched Following World War II and the Holocaust, the United Nations adopted a resolution on December 9, 1948, which stated that The Contracting Parties confirm that genocide, whether committed in time of peace or in time of war, is a crime under international law which they undertake to prevent and to punish. The massacres in Rwanda constituted genocide, so why didnt the world step in to stop it? There has been a lot of research on this exact question. Some people have said that since Hutu moderates were killed in the early stages, then some countries believed the conflict to be more of a civil war rather than a genocide. Other research has shown that the world powers realized it was a genocide but that they didnt want to pay for the needed supplies and personnel to stop it. No matter what the reason, the world should have stepped in and stopped the slaughter. The Rwanda Genocide Ends The Rwanda Genocide ended only when the RPF took over the country. The RPF (Rwandan Patriotic Front) was a trained military group consisting of Tutsis who had been exiled in earlier years, many of whom lived in Uganda. The RPF was able to enter Rwanda and slowly take over the country. In mid-July 1994, when the RPF had full control, the genocide was finally stopped. Sources Semujanga, Josias. The Ten Commandments of the Hutu. Origins of the Rwandan Genocide, Humanity Books, 2003, pp. 196-197.

Word Choice Program vs. Programme - Get Proofed!

Word Choice Program vs. Programme - Get Proofed! Word Choice: Program vs. Programme The Atlantic Ocean is quite big. And with such a large amount of water between the US and the UK, we shouldn’t be surprised that there are differences between us. One of those differences, it seems, is that British people like to make spelling more complicated than it should be. There are lots of examples of this, but the one we’re looking at here is â€Å"program† and â€Å"programme.† Despite the extra â€Å"-me† at the end of the British version, these words essentially mean the same thing. But, at the same time, the British use â€Å"program† and â€Å"programme† in different ways. Defining â€Å"Program† In American English, we use â€Å"program† for all senses of the word. As a noun, this includes: A series or group of activities (e.g., a training program) A broadcast (e.g., a television program) Software (e.g., a computer program) A pamphlet outlining an event or series of events (e.g., a theater program) It can also be used as a verb, where it usually refers to programming a computer. We sometimes talk about â€Å"programming† a series of events, but this is less common. The British Way The extra letters in â€Å"programme† come from French. Weirdly, this is a newer spelling than â€Å"program† (unlike other words where the American English is a simplified version of the British spelling). It seems the British just decided the French spelling looked better during the nineteenth century. Even weirder is that British English uses â€Å"program,† but only in relation to computing. As such, in England, you can install a â€Å"computer program† on your laptop, but you watch a â€Å"TV programme.† So if streaming a TV show on your computer, you can watch a programme via a program in Britain. There are signs â€Å"program† is catching on in other contexts lately, but â€Å"programme† is still the standard version. In summary: British people are weird, especially when it comes to spelling. Program or Programme? Unless you’re writing for a British audience, you should use â€Å"program.† Even places like Australia and Canada, which do use British spellings in some cases, favor â€Å"program† for this word. The only other exception seems to be New Zealand, where â€Å"programme† is still common. But unless Britain and New Zealand conquer the world soon, we don’t see this spelling catching on elsewhere! It must be something about living on tiny islands.