Brave New World

Through the author’s manipulation of word choice, the reader can infer that the brave new world’s society is based on advanced technology and science. Words such as â€Å"laboratories† and â€Å"microscopes† are generally used in an environment that relates to the field of science. One wouldn't typically find microscopes in the kitchen after all. By using these diction words to help describe the scene, the reader can infer from common knowledge the location must be some form of science practice. Another give away that Brave New World is a place of innovative technologies would be the building’s name: â€Å"Conditioning Centre. † Its uncommon in most societies if not all for â€Å"conditioning† to be immoral, based on the practice is a science to rid free will. With this part of the text, the reader can assume the Brave New World is an advanced society with developed ideals. The numerous mental images depicted in Brave New World — â€Å"microscopes,† â€Å"polished tubes,† laboratories filled with white coats and zygotes — conveys Huxley’s concept of a world filled with technological advances. When one reads the words â€Å"Hatchery and Conditioning Centre,† immediately subjects being hatched and molded comes to mind. Although it is not known what is being hatched from the passage, the reader can infer that a thirty-four story building is there for a lot more than brooding poultry. Once introduced inside of the building, the author gives a description of the laboratories within. As the Director enters the â€Å"Fertilizing Room,† the author creates a room of silence, occupied by three hundred Fertilizers in unison â€Å"bent over their instruments. These are professors Through the author’s manipulation of word choice, the reader can infer that the brave new world’s society is based on advanced technology and science. Words such as â€Å"laboratories† and â€Å"microscopes† are generally used in an environment that relates to the field of science. One wouldn't typically find microscopes in the kitchen after all. By using these dict ion words to help describe the scene, the reader can infer from common knowledge the location must be some form of science practice. Another give away that Brave New World is a place of innovative technologies would be the building’s name: â€Å"Conditioning Centre. † Its uncommon in most societies if not all for â€Å"conditioning† to be immoral, based on the practice is a science to rid free will. With this part of the text, the reader can assume the Brave New World is an advanced society with developed ideals. The numerous mental images depicted in Brave New World — â€Å"microscopes,† â€Å"polished tubes,† laboratories filled with white coats and zygotes — conveys Huxley’s concept of a world filled with technological advances. When one reads the words â€Å"Hatchery and Conditioning Centre,† immediately subjects being hatched and molded comes to mind. Although it is not known what is being hatched from the passage, the reader can infer that a thirty-four story building is there for a lot more than brooding poultry. Once introduced inside of the building, the author gives a description of the laboratories within. As the Director enters the â€Å"Fertilizing Room,† the author creates a room of silence, occupied by three hundred Fertilizers in unison â€Å"bent over their instruments. † These are professors Brave New World Through the author’s manipulation of word choice, the reader can infer that the brave new world’s society is based on advanced technology and science. Words such as â€Å"laboratories† and â€Å"microscopes† are generally used in an environment that relates to the field of science. One wouldn't typically find microscopes in the kitchen after all. By using these diction words to help describe the scene, the reader can infer from common knowledge the location must be some form of science practice. Another give away that Brave New World is a place of innovative technologies would be the building’s name: â€Å"Conditioning Centre. † Its uncommon in most societies if not all for â€Å"conditioning† to be immoral, based on the practice is a science to rid free will. With this part of the text, the reader can assume the Brave New World is an advanced society with developed ideals. The numerous mental images depicted in Brave New World — â€Å"microscopes,† â€Å"polished tubes,† laboratories filled with white coats and zygotes — conveys Huxley’s concept of a world filled with technological advances. When one reads the words â€Å"Hatchery and Conditioning Centre,† immediately subjects being hatched and molded comes to mind. Although it is not known what is being hatched from the passage, the reader can infer that a thirty-four story building is there for a lot more than brooding poultry. Once introduced inside of the building, the author gives a description of the laboratories within. As the Director enters the â€Å"Fertilizing Room,† the author creates a room of silence, occupied by three hundred Fertilizers in unison â€Å"bent over their instruments. These are professors Through the author’s manipulation of word choice, the reader can infer that the brave new world’s society is based on advanced technology and science. Words such as â€Å"laboratories† and â€Å"microscopes† are generally used in an environment that relates to the field of science. One wouldn't typically find microscopes in the kitchen after all. By using these dict ion words to help describe the scene, the reader can infer from common knowledge the location must be some form of science practice. Another give away that Brave New World is a place of innovative technologies would be the building’s name: â€Å"Conditioning Centre. † Its uncommon in most societies if not all for â€Å"conditioning† to be immoral, based on the practice is a science to rid free will. With this part of the text, the reader can assume the Brave New World is an advanced society with developed ideals. The numerous mental images depicted in Brave New World — â€Å"microscopes,† â€Å"polished tubes,† laboratories filled with white coats and zygotes — conveys Huxley’s concept of a world filled with technological advances. When one reads the words â€Å"Hatchery and Conditioning Centre,† immediately subjects being hatched and molded comes to mind. Although it is not known what is being hatched from the passage, the reader can infer that a thirty-four story building is there for a lot more than brooding poultry. Once introduced inside of the building, the author gives a description of the laboratories within. As the Director enters the â€Å"Fertilizing Room,† the author creates a room of silence, occupied by three hundred Fertilizers in unison â€Å"bent over their instruments. † These are professors Brave New World Through the author’s manipulation of word choice, the reader can infer that the brave new world’s society is based on advanced technology and science. Words such as â€Å"laboratories† and â€Å"microscopes† are generally used in an environment that relates to the field of science. One wouldn't typically find microscopes in the kitchen after all. By using these diction words to help describe the scene, the reader can infer from common knowledge the location must be some form of science practice. Another give away that Brave New World is a place of innovative technologies would be the building’s name: â€Å"Conditioning Centre. † Its uncommon in most societies if not all for â€Å"conditioning† to be immoral, based on the practice is a science to rid free will. With this part of the text, the reader can assume the Brave New World is an advanced society with developed ideals. The numerous mental images depicted in Brave New World — â€Å"microscopes,† â€Å"polished tubes,† laboratories filled with white coats and zygotes — conveys Huxley’s concept of a world filled with technological advances. When one reads the words â€Å"Hatchery and Conditioning Centre,† immediately subjects being hatched and molded comes to mind. Although it is not known what is being hatched from the passage, the reader can infer that a thirty-four story building is there for a lot more than brooding poultry. Once introduced inside of the building, the author gives a description of the laboratories within. As the Director enters the â€Å"Fertilizing Room,† the author creates a room of silence, occupied by three hundred Fertilizers in unison â€Å"bent over their instruments. These are professors Through the author’s manipulation of word choice, the reader can infer that the brave new world’s society is based on advanced technology and science. Words such as â€Å"laboratories† and â€Å"microscopes† are generally used in an environment that relates to the field of science. One wouldn't typically find microscopes in the kitchen after all. By using these dict ion words to help describe the scene, the reader can infer from common knowledge the location must be some form of science practice. Another give away that Brave New World is a place of innovative technologies would be the building’s name: â€Å"Conditioning Centre. † Its uncommon in most societies if not all for â€Å"conditioning† to be immoral, based on the practice is a science to rid free will. With this part of the text, the reader can assume the Brave New World is an advanced society with developed ideals. The numerous mental images depicted in Brave New World — â€Å"microscopes,† â€Å"polished tubes,† laboratories filled with white coats and zygotes — conveys Huxley’s concept of a world filled with technological advances. When one reads the words â€Å"Hatchery and Conditioning Centre,† immediately subjects being hatched and molded comes to mind. Although it is not known what is being hatched from the passage, the reader can infer that a thirty-four story building is there for a lot more than brooding poultry. Once introduced inside of the building, the author gives a description of the laboratories within. As the Director enters the â€Å"Fertilizing Room,† the author creates a room of silence, occupied by three hundred Fertilizers in unison â€Å"bent over their instruments. † These are professors

Hw Answer Operation Management Heizer Ch 4

4. 9 [pic] (c)? MAD (two-month moving average) = . 075 MAD (three-month moving average) = . 088 |Table for Problem 4. (a, b, c) | | | | |Forecast | ||Error| | | | |Two-Month |Three-Month |Two-Month |Three-Month | | |Price per |Moving |Moving |Moving |Moving | |Month |Chip |Average |Average |Average |Average | |January |$1. 0 | | | | | |February |? 1. 67 | | | | | |March |? 1. 70 |1. 735 | |. 035 | | |April |? 1. 85 |1. 685 |1. 723 |. 165 |. 127 | |May |? 1. 90 |1. 775 |1. 740 |. 125 |. 160 | |June |? 1. 87 |1. 75 |1. 817 |. 005 |. 053 | |July |? 1. 80 |1. 885 |1. 873 |. 085 |. 073 | |August |? 1. 83 |1. 835 |1. 857 |. 005 |. 027 | |September |? 1. 70 |1. 815 |1. 833 |. 115 |. 133 | |October |? 1. 65 |1. 765 |1. 777 |. 115 |. 127 | |November |? 1. 70 |1. 675 |1. 27 |. 025 |. 027 | |December |? 1. 75 |1. 675 |1. 683 |. 075 |. 067 | | | | |Totals |. 750| |. 793| | | | | | | | | | | |4. 9 |(d)? Table for Problem 4. 9(d): | | | | |( = . 1 | | |( = . 3 | | |( = . | |Month |Price per Chip |Forecast ||Error| |Forecast ||Error| |Forecast ||Error| | |January |$1. 80 |$1. 80 |$. 00 |$1. 80 |$. 00 |$1. 80 |$. 00 | |February |1. 67 |1. 80 |. 13 |? 1. 80 | . 13 |? 1. 80 |. 13 | |March |1. 70 |1. 79 |. 09 |? 1. 76 | . 06 |? 1. 74 |. 04 | |April |1. 85 |1. 78 |. 07 |? 1. 74 | . 11 |? 1. 72 |. 13 | |May |1. 0 |1. 79 |. 11 |? 1. 77 | . 13 |? 1. 78 |. 12 | |June |1. 87 |1. 80 |. 07 |? 1. 81 | . 06 |? 1. 84 |. 03 | |July |1. 80 |1. 80 |. 00 |? 1. 83 | . 03 |? 1. 86 |. 06 | |August |1. 83 |1. 80 |. 03 |? 1. 82 | . 01 |? 1. 83 |. 00 | |September |1. 70 |1. 81 |. 11 |? 1. 82 | . 12 |? 1. 83 |. 13 | |October |1. 65 |1. 80 |. 5 |? 1. 79 | . 14 |? 1. 76 |. 11 | |November |1. 70 |1. 78 |. 08 |? 1. 75 | . 05 |? 1. 71 |. 01 | |December |1. 75 |1. 77 |. 02 |? 1. 73 | . 02 |? 1. 70 |. 05 | | | | | 4. 41? (a)? It appears from the following graph that the points do scatter around a straight line. [pic] (b)? Developing the regression relationship, we have: (Summer |Tourists |Ridership | | | | |months) |(Millions) |(1,000,000s) | | | | |Year |(X) |(Y) |X2 |Y2 |XY | |? 1 |? 7 |1. 5 |? 49 |? 2. 25 |10. 5 | |? 2 |? 2 |1. 0 | 4 |? 1. 00 |? 2. 0 | |? 3 |? 6 |1. 3 |? 36 |? 1. 69 |? 7. 8 | |? 4 |? 4 |1. 5 |? 16 |? 2. 25 |? 6. 0 | |? 5 |14 |2. 5 |196 |? 6. 25 |35. 0 | |? |15 |2. 7 |225 |? 7. 29 |40. 5 | |? 7 |16 |2. 4 |256 |? 5. 76 |38. 4 | |? 8 |12 |2. 0 |144 |? 4. 00 |24. 0 | |? 9 |14 |2. 7 |196 |? 7. 29 |37. 8 | |10 |20 |4. 4 |400 |19. 36 |88. 0 | |11 |15 |3. 4 |225 |11. 56 |51. 0 | |12 |? 7 |1. 7 |? 49 |? 2. 89 |11. 9 | and (X = 132, (Y = 27. 1, (XY = 352. 9, (X2 = 1796, (Y2 = 71. 59, [pic] = 11, [pic]= 2. 6. Then: [pic] andY = 0. 511 + 0. 159X (c)? Given a tourist population of 10,000,000, the model predicts a ridership of: Y = 0. 511 + 0. 159 ( 10 = 2. 101, or 2,101,000 persons. (d)? If there are no tourists at all, the model predicts a ridership of 0. 511, or 511,000 persons. One would not place much confidence in this forecast, however, because the number of tourists (ze ro) is outside the range of data used to develop the model. (e)? The standard error of the estimate is given by: (f)? The correlation coefficient and the coefficient of determination are given by: [pic] ———————– [pic][pic] Hw Answer Operation Management Heizer Ch 4 4. 9 [pic] (c)? MAD (two-month moving average) = . 075 MAD (three-month moving average) = . 088 |Table for Problem 4. (a, b, c) | | | | |Forecast | ||Error| | | | |Two-Month |Three-Month |Two-Month |Three-Month | | |Price per |Moving |Moving |Moving |Moving | |Month |Chip |Average |Average |Average |Average | |January |$1. 0 | | | | | |February |? 1. 67 | | | | | |March |? 1. 70 |1. 735 | |. 035 | | |April |? 1. 85 |1. 685 |1. 723 |. 165 |. 127 | |May |? 1. 90 |1. 775 |1. 740 |. 125 |. 160 | |June |? 1. 87 |1. 75 |1. 817 |. 005 |. 053 | |July |? 1. 80 |1. 885 |1. 873 |. 085 |. 073 | |August |? 1. 83 |1. 835 |1. 857 |. 005 |. 027 | |September |? 1. 70 |1. 815 |1. 833 |. 115 |. 133 | |October |? 1. 65 |1. 765 |1. 777 |. 115 |. 127 | |November |? 1. 70 |1. 675 |1. 27 |. 025 |. 027 | |December |? 1. 75 |1. 675 |1. 683 |. 075 |. 067 | | | | |Totals |. 750| |. 793| | | | | | | | | | | |4. 9 |(d)? Table for Problem 4. 9(d): | | | | |( = . 1 | | |( = . 3 | | |( = . | |Month |Price per Chip |Forecast ||Error| |Forecast ||Error| |Forecast ||Error| | |January |$1. 80 |$1. 80 |$. 00 |$1. 80 |$. 00 |$1. 80 |$. 00 | |February |1. 67 |1. 80 |. 13 |? 1. 80 | . 13 |? 1. 80 |. 13 | |March |1. 70 |1. 79 |. 09 |? 1. 76 | . 06 |? 1. 74 |. 04 | |April |1. 85 |1. 78 |. 07 |? 1. 74 | . 11 |? 1. 72 |. 13 | |May |1. 0 |1. 79 |. 11 |? 1. 77 | . 13 |? 1. 78 |. 12 | |June |1. 87 |1. 80 |. 07 |? 1. 81 | . 06 |? 1. 84 |. 03 | |July |1. 80 |1. 80 |. 00 |? 1. 83 | . 03 |? 1. 86 |. 06 | |August |1. 83 |1. 80 |. 03 |? 1. 82 | . 01 |? 1. 83 |. 00 | |September |1. 70 |1. 81 |. 11 |? 1. 82 | . 12 |? 1. 83 |. 13 | |October |1. 65 |1. 80 |. 5 |? 1. 79 | . 14 |? 1. 76 |. 11 | |November |1. 70 |1. 78 |. 08 |? 1. 75 | . 05 |? 1. 71 |. 01 | |December |1. 75 |1. 77 |. 02 |? 1. 73 | . 02 |? 1. 70 |. 05 | | | | | 4. 41? (a)? It appears from the following graph that the points do scatter around a straight line. [pic] (b)? Developing the regression relationship, we have: (Summer |Tourists |Ridership | | | | |months) |(Millions) |(1,000,000s) | | | | |Year |(X) |(Y) |X2 |Y2 |XY | |? 1 |? 7 |1. 5 |? 49 |? 2. 25 |10. 5 | |? 2 |? 2 |1. 0 | 4 |? 1. 00 |? 2. 0 | |? 3 |? 6 |1. 3 |? 36 |? 1. 69 |? 7. 8 | |? 4 |? 4 |1. 5 |? 16 |? 2. 25 |? 6. 0 | |? 5 |14 |2. 5 |196 |? 6. 25 |35. 0 | |? |15 |2. 7 |225 |? 7. 29 |40. 5 | |? 7 |16 |2. 4 |256 |? 5. 76 |38. 4 | |? 8 |12 |2. 0 |144 |? 4. 00 |24. 0 | |? 9 |14 |2. 7 |196 |? 7. 29 |37. 8 | |10 |20 |4. 4 |400 |19. 36 |88. 0 | |11 |15 |3. 4 |225 |11. 56 |51. 0 | |12 |? 7 |1. 7 |? 49 |? 2. 89 |11. 9 | and (X = 132, (Y = 27. 1, (XY = 352. 9, (X2 = 1796, (Y2 = 71. 59, [pic] = 11, [pic]= 2. 6. Then: [pic] andY = 0. 511 + 0. 159X (c)? Given a tourist population of 10,000,000, the model predicts a ridership of: Y = 0. 511 + 0. 159 ( 10 = 2. 101, or 2,101,000 persons. (d)? If there are no tourists at all, the model predicts a ridership of 0. 511, or 511,000 persons. One would not place much confidence in this forecast, however, because the number of tourists (ze ro) is outside the range of data used to develop the model. (e)? The standard error of the estimate is given by: (f)? The correlation coefficient and the coefficient of determination are given by: [pic] ———————– [pic][pic]

Human behavior in Late adulthood stage Essay

The paper will be focusing on the stages of psychosocial development specifically that of the Later Adulthood Stage. Though this stage of adulthood does not share the same significance to the other developmental stages in adulthood, especially to the earlier stages, at least in terms of how the individual sees his or her world in the context of one’s closing days of life and vice versa. Nevertheless, the Late Adulthood Stage remains of utmost significance for the reason that it holds one crucial aspect in the final development stage of an adult: the integrity of the ego. It must be noted at this point that the ego in the Late Adulthood Stage has already absorbed within the span of the individual’s life processes and life in general a considerable degree of experience. What remains in this stage are the radiations of past experiences that have not withered away with the forgetfulness of human memory, as well as the individual’s reformed perceptions of his or her world that have adapted to the series of changes in one’s environment and that have also shaped the very structure of the environment where one dwells in. A look into some of the significant details of this stage reveals the weight of this particular phase in contrast to the other stages in adulthood whereby the unique strands of psychosocial precepts that properly belong to this stage identifies it as more than just a culminating phase. Theoretical backgrounds In Erikson’s Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development, the Late Adult Stage summarizes its major tasks in the development of the adult in terms of introspection. This is primarily because this phase is essentially the stage wherein the individual is only able to perform fewer activities in contrast to the early years of one’s life where the person is actively participating, to a certain extent, in either leisure or work. Whereas younger people constantly interact with their surroundings and with other individuals, older people who belong to the last stage of human development are, in many cases, physically unable to meet the necessities required by leisure and work. For the most part, although the aged people can barely enjoin themselves in these physically challenging activities, the Later Adulthood stage in Erikson’s theory tells us that these individuals spend most of their time instead on recollecting in their memory the experiences they had in the early chapters of their lives. Thus, as one can observe among the elderly, their acts of relating stories of previous meddling with past events and persons reveal one aspect of human introspection. It manifests their attempt, at the very least, to cope with their physical inability or lacking in terms of mobility by contemplating on whatever is remaining in their memory. More importantly, the Later Adulthood stage highlights the inevitable fact in human life: death. As with the aged people, the wisdom they have acquired in their many endeavors during their younger days all point them to the inescapable fact of death thereby insinuating a sense of fear in their minds. As this fact is instilled in their thoughts, the elderly are eventually placed in a rather uncomfortable situation as their days are drawn closer to its closing chapters. This is the point wherein their views on both life and death are further defined by themselves, testing their maturity and emotional capability to accept such fact and to acquire the sufficient integrity and belief in their selves so as not to succumb to the fear of dying. Robert Havighurst, in his perception on the developmental tasks in the life of the individual, points our attention to his interpretation on the later maturity stage of the individual. He asserts that after the time of retirement from one’s occupation, the individual eventually undergoes several adjustments in the sense that the person begins to adapt a new lifestyle that fits the conditions that beset the individual. These conditions, especially after finally closing the window for a previous occupation, are reflected in many ways. A few of these conditions include relocating to a smaller house or the reduction in one’s income among many others. These circumstances ultimately brings changes, either drastic or gradual, to the living conditions in the life of the person that one is in turn prompted to realign one’s manner of living with new measures. In essence, Havighurst suggests that the elderly are more after the attempt at â€Å"holding on† to life rather than the actual seizing of the things that life has to offer. That is, the state of life of the elderly can be seen as one that is inclined to â€Å"maintain† life or the things that one already has in life rather than the expansion of it. To be taught of news ways of living entails not only the adoption of new approaches in dealing with the necessities brought about by age and one’s physical deterioration. It also entails the idea that these elderly people are bound to attempt at putting more effort in â€Å"holding on† to life, quite apart from the idea that they ought to broaden their perception of the world and their perception of both life and death. In the context of the theories that revolve around the analysis on the stages of human development in terms of the psychosocial perspective as well as the patterns of behavior exhibited by the elderly, we can fairly extract the idea as hypothesis that these patterns of behavior are the results of the developed perceptions of the elderly with the further realization of death or, at the very least, the deterioration of one’s health and living conditions. Methodology The participants in the interview are composed of 20 non-working elderly from the male and female genders with age 60 and above randomly chosen. All of the participants can understand and speak the English language, their primary language, and are residents of the United States of America. The religious orientation of the participants is Roman Catholicism as well as they are financially dependent on the insurance money they receive every month, apart from the medical assistance they are able to acquire from it. Moreover, the participants are now living on their own, with their families living in their respective homes separate from their elderly.

Dorian Grey’s Desire for Youth Essay

Throughout The Picture of Dorian Gray, Dorian Gray struggles with the desire to stay forever young. Because of all the hardships he experiences throughout his life in order to achieve this he loses his innocence along the way and eventually all of what he has done catches up to him and leads to his suicide. To him, youth is the only thing that has any importance and he does all that he can in order to maintain youthful without understand the repercussions of his actions until it is too late. One scene that clearly displays Dorian’s decision to choose beauty over his innocence is when Dorian brings his friend Basil to the room where he keeps his portrait. He shows Basil the portrait and how hideous it has become despite Dorian’s unchanged appearance. Basil then realizes that the painting was a work of his own and then he asks how it has become that way. Dorian explains that gave up his soul for eternal beauty. Basil then tries to convince Dorian to pray for forgiveness because he believes that the painting is an awful lesson but Dorian claims it is too late. Once Dorian looks at what has become of him in the portrait, he grabs a knife and stabs his friend to death. The next day he is still bitter about how Basil reacted to his portrait; the lack of remorse clearly shows that he has no innocence left to him. This shows that Dorian is relentless by trying to stay young forever because it shows that he favors his appearance more than his friends. Basil was the man that gave the painting life, and in the end it brought his own life to an end because Dorian became obsessed with it. His innocence was lost with this act, and he just continues on with his life as if it was nothing. He becomes a changed man, and not for the better. Another scene in which Dorian loses his innocence by choosing beauty is when Dorian goes to see his fiancà © perform and notices how bad she is that night. When he confronts her about it she claims she no longer can connect to the roles she plays because their feelings of love are nowhere close to those of hers towards Dorian. Once she says that she is quitting acting Dorian is horrified and realizes that he only loved for the beauty she portrayed on stage and not for her herself. He breaks off the relationship with her and  tells her he never wants to see her again; she ends up killing herself that night before Dorian can apologize the next morning. At the moment of confrontation, Dorian easily chose beauty over the innocence of true love. Again, it is apparent that his of total lack of regard towards the consequences of his actions. Yes, he did realize that what he did was wrong because of the smirk that developed on his portrait, but it was only after it was too late. Lord Henry once said to Dorian that, â€Å"The only way to get rid of a temptation is to yield to it. Resist it and your soul grows sick with longing for the things it has forbidden to itself, with desire for what its monstrous laws have made monstrous and unlawful.† (Wilde 21). This quote relates back to the main theme of the loss of innocence due to the desire of beauty because what Lord Henry meant by this quote is that he suggests that even Dorian’s pure, innocent young life is secretly full of hidden, shameful desires. Basically, he implied that regardless of the innocent face Dorian has, he lost his innocence long ago. The loss of innocence due to the desire of beauty is deeply intertwined throughout Dorian’s endeavors. This is supported by many details and scenes that Oscar Wilde describes. It is agreed that this book is about the power of beauty and how innocence is given up when someone favors beauty over it. Some may even argue that Dorian Gray lost his innocence even before the portrait because at the beginning, he was somewhat manipulative and went through life just for the experiences. This point of view is easily agreed up by this simple quote; â€Å"How sad it is! I shall grow old, and horrible, and dreadful. But this picture will remain always young. It will never be older than this particular day of June†¦ If it were only the other way! If it were I who was to be always young, and the picture that was to grow old! For that-for that-I would give everything! Yes, there is nothing in the whole world I would not give! I would give my soul for that!† (Wilde 29)

Is the World Flat?

Globalization is a big issue in our modern day. What is globalization? Has globalization passed its peak? Is the world flat or spiky? There are several very vocal proponents of an argument that the world has become flat in recent years. However, there are some writers have the opposite opinion. This paper introduces both sides of the debate and presents the arguments for and against the idea that the world has become flat in recent years. The term â€Å"globalization† today refers to the shift in the world economy. It is moving towards a more integrated and interdependent world economy (H. C. W, p. 8). Globalization makes people, countries and markets closer. The world is flat; this view is supported by some people, but the most prominent being Thomas L. Friedman. â€Å"It’s a Flat World, After All† is a journal by Friedman which was published in 2005. In this article, Friedman argues the world is â€Å"flat† as a result of globalization; it is also a product of a convergence of personal computer and fiber-optic micro cable and software. Globalization has leveled the playing fields between different countries. This is what he called Globalization 3. 0 (started around 2000) which quite different from the earlier 2. 0 and 1. 0 versions (Thomas L. Friedman, 2005). To support the â€Å"flat world†, Friedman identities ten flattening factors that he sees as leveling the global playing field. Thomas Friedman taught us that the world is flat, but is the world really flat? Richard Florida has scorned his arguments. Florida, says that the world is actually spiky. In â€Å"The World is Spiky†, published in The Atlantic Monthly in 2005, Florida argues that economic power, innovation, and creative talent is actually only clustered in a few cities and regions, so these areas are growing higher while other areas languish (Richard Florida, 2005) Florida uses a series of maps to prove his argument. He shows where the world’s population centres are and where many of the world’s patents are issued and where the most scientists are located. Florida mentions the share of the world’s population living in urban areas is over 50% world wide now compared to just 3% in 1800. Some big cities, such as New York, Los Angeles, Toronto, Vancouver, Tokyo, Shanghai, around the globe are towers of patent filings, population, and science, but some cities are not. So the ability to innovate and create is only centred among few places in the world (Richard Florida, 2005). Pankaj Ghemawat, is another writer scorns the argument for the world has become flat. He argued more than ninety percent of the world's phone calls, Web traffic, and investments are still domestic (Ghemawat, 2007). Ghemawat also suggests that Friedman’s assertions are exaggerated visions. He points out that Friedman has grossly exaggerated the significance of the trends he describes: â€Å"Despite talk of a new, wired world where information, ideas, money, and people can move around the planet faster than ever before, just a fraction of what we consider globalization actually exists (Ghemawat, 2007) The issue of if the world has become flat in recent years has divided opinion in two different sides. Proponents of an argument that the world has become flat, like Friedman, believes people are getting closer and all competitors have an equal opportunity. The opposite side, such as Florida and Ghemawat, says otherwise. They think there are peaks and valleys. The peaks are getting stronger and more connected to each other. Word Count: 613 words Bibliography Article Florida, R. 2005, ‘The world is spiky,' Atlantic Monthly (October), pp. 8-51. Friedman, T. L. 2005, ‘It’s a flat world, after all', The New York Times Magazine, April 3, pp. 33-37. Ghemawat, P. 2007, ‘Why the world isn't flat,' Foreign Policy (March-April), pp. 54-60. Hill, C and Cronk, T and Wickramasekera, R. ‘Global Business Today’, pp. 8 Internet ‘The World is Not Flat – It's Spiky’, February 26, 2006, from: http://remoteaccess. typepad. com/remote_access/2006/0 2/the_world_is_no. html ‘Is the World Flat †¦ or Spiky? ’ From: http://insidework. net/resources/articles/is-world-flat-or-spiky

Why Educators Should Do Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Why Educators Should Do Research - Essay Example Even though, the phrase reflective practice is understood and interpreted in diverse ways, reflective practice is considered as a way through which practitioners can form a wider level of self-awareness concerning the nature, as well as the impact of their performance. This is the type of awareness, which shapes opportunities for professional development and growth. According to Ash & Clayton (2004), awareness is vital for behavioral change. In order to gain a fresh level of insight into personal actions, the reflective practitioner imagines a dual attitude on one hand, the actor in a drama and, alternatively, the opponent who sits in the viewers watching and assessing the whole performance. In order to achieve this perception, people must come to an understanding of their own attitudes (Hartman, 2001). They need to develop a conscious awareness of their own behavior and its consequences and the theories-in-use or ideas, which shape their action strategies. A reflective practitioner, therefore, is someone who, at normal intervals, reflects on the work they execute, as well as the work procedure, and thinks how he or she can improve the work. He or she echoes on the work they have accomplished (Minott, 2009). A reflective practitioner is not happy to go on at the current standard, he or she wants to improve and they do not believe in the saying, ‘if it is not broke, then do not fix it’. Everybody ought to be a ‘reflective practitioner’, in essence, as in an educator’s case, when they are teaching various types of students. An educator needs to learn from the mistakes and experiences of others (Hartman, 2001). They need to look at what they are doing, as well as how other educators are doing the same thing and ask themselves whether anything be improved? Or whether anything can be done better? The plea to apply reflective practice for educators is that as learning and teaching are multifaceted, and there is not one accurate approa ch, echoing on diverse versions of teaching, and redesigning current and past experiences will lead to enhancement in teaching practices. As Minott (2009) confirms, reflective practice moves educators from their knowledge base of discrete skills to a level in their careers where they are capable of modifying their skills to suit specific situations and contexts, and ultimately invent new techniques. In applying a process of reflective practice, educators will be capable of moving themselves, and their classrooms, past current theories in practice. Minott (2009) concludes that educators should oppose establishing a classroom tradition of control and endeavor a reflective practitioner, constantly taking part in a critical reflection, therefore, remaining fluid in the active environment of the classroom. Personally, I cannot move forward with my work knowing that I have not achieved a certain goal or my students have not attained the mark they are supposed to as set by the standards of my school. I believe that students need to see their educator put it some form of effort towards them in order for them to assist put the effort needed to achieve academically. The effort I put, all the sacrifice is give, such a private tutoring without, has aided to the success of my career and also the achievement of my students academically. My sole duty as an educator is to make sure that my students succeed academically. This motto has not only assisted me into developing my knowledge, but also aided in the success of my classroom, as well as the reputation of my school. Part B In essence, everybody wants to be successful at what they do. The level of success depends just with the

HIstory of the Yorba Family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

HIstory of the Yorba Family - Essay Example At that time, American Indians dwelled in Orange County until the period of Spanish colonization in the late 1700's. Gaspar de Portola, a Spanish explorer, marched through the San Joaquin Valley, abruptly ending the quiet life of the Gabrielinos (Indians). With the Spaniards came forts, missions and herds of cattle (City of Irvine, 2007). The Spanish Empire wanted to colonize quickly on the West coast of the New World because their enemy, Britain, was preoccupied on the East coast with the Revolutionary War from 1763-1775 (Middlebrook, 2005). One of the members of the Portola expedition was a young soldier by the name of Jose Antonio Yorba (The Colton Letters, 2002), born in San Sadurni de Noya, Spain, in 1746 (Timeline, n.d.). After retiring from military service in 1797, Jose Antonio Yorba later returned as one of several large landowners who established ranchos in the area ("San Antonio," 2005). Yorba settled in the lush California valleys around the Santa Ana River south of Los Angeles. In 1809, he petitioned the King of Spain for a grant of land in this area covering 62,516 acres, which included the current communities of Irvine, Anaheim, Costa Mesa, Newport Beach, Tustin and several others (City of Irvine, 2007). Yorba Linda in Orange County was eventually named after him. The Spanish promoted intermarriage between Spanish soldiers and American Indians. For example, Corporal Jose Antonio Yorba, born in Spain, married an American Indian by the name of Maria Garcia Feliz at Monterey and had two children (Middlebrook, 2005). It is said, one boy drowned at age six, and another died in his mid-twenties. Yorba's wife also died early in 1781. Yorba then married a 16 year old by the name of Maria Josefa Grijalva, an older daughter of another Spanish military leader named Juan Pablo Grijalva who eventually received the highest rank in the Spanish expedition in California and also founded Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana (Middlebrook, 2005). In 1810, Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana, 62,516 acres, was granted to Jos Antonio Yorba and Juan Pablo Peralta by Spanish Governor Jos Joaqun Arrillaga; it was the only Spanish land grant wholly in Orange County (Hallan-Gibson, nd.). Most of Rancho Santa Ana became Orange County, CA, and one of the haciendas became Yorba Linda, birthplace of President Nixon (Harrison, 2000). At that time, the King of Spain began to parcel out lands for missions and for a few large, private land grants. In 1831, after gaining independence from Spain, the Mexican government secularized the missions, assumed control of land holdings and began dispensing ranchos to Mexican citizens who went for grants. (City of Irvine, 2007). In time, Jose Antonio Yorba passed his land to his heirs - the most notable being his son, Don Bernardo Yorba (The Colton Letters, 2002). On August 1, 1834, Bernardo, moved across the Santa Ana River from what is now Anaheim Hills, to establish Rancho Caon de Santa Ana. Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana. Three large Spanish/Mexican grants made up the land that later became the Irvine Ranch: Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana, Rancho San Joaquin and Rancho Lomas de Santiago. The oldest was the Rancho Santiago

Strategy Briefing Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Strategy Briefing Paper - Essay Example According to Nishino (1996), there is rapid expansion in the automobile industry around the world because of the growth in the demand of passenger vehicles and the overall increase in the demand for cheaper automobile components. Governments continue to make efforts in encouraging the growth of the industry in their countries. The demand for high quality vehicles is increasing because of the growth of the population of the middle class population in many countries making the purchase of a vehicle to become a sign of financial accomplishment (Goldberg 1995). As pointed by Berry, Levinsohn & Pakes (1995) the increase in the demand for automobile components has built pressure on automotive producing companies to look for alternatives of reducing the cost of production and embrace more economic methods of production. Through the process of globalisation of the world economy, governments and trade organisations continue to encourage lowering of tariffs and reduction in trade restrictions. This continues to make the industry more competitive as each international car manufacturing company has equal access to the market. Each company is therefore expanding its production to enhance their presence in the world (Orsato & Wells 2007). The focus is mostly on the supply of vehicles that meet the expectation of consumers and at the lowest costs. Apart from cost, the major focus is also on air pollution, energy efficiency and brand meaning (Kolk & Pinkse 2004). The company should come up with models that are more efficient in terms of fuel consumption and low emission of carbon dioxide to match the current demands of customers and enhance the reputation of its brands all over the world. The company has successfully been applying the culture of acquiring other players in the industry as a means of growing and expanding its operations. To enhance the rate of growth, the

Assigment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assigment 2 - Essay Example The collision between the particles in the matter has been observed by Field (2013) to be perfectly elastic. This theory has been critical in explaining various characteristics of matter including heating and change of state. In solids, the particles would be strongly attracted to one another more than they would be attracted in liquids and in gases. Introduction of heat to the matter would cause the molecules to vibrate more quickly, causing some of it to escape from the matter. For example, when heat is applied to ice, a solid state, the ice particles would vibrate, moving apart from each other to change to water, its liquid state. Heat and Temperature Heat refers to a form of energy which when supplied to a matter causes an increase in the internal energy of the matter, typically made up of both the kinetic and potential energies of both its molecules and atoms. The atoms and molecules would have kinetic energy due to the translational, vibrational and rotational motions and poten tial energy due to their relative positions. The greater the potential energy of a matter, the greater the molecules would be farther apart. Considering a pot of soup and a mug of soup laded from it, the thermal energy, heat in the pot would be greater due to the greater number of particles moving and creating energy. On the other hand, temperature refers to the quantity of energy in a molecule as opposed to heat which measures the total amount of energy contained in all the molecules in a matter. It refers to the coldness or hotness of a matter which is based on the average kinetic energy, hence the relationship between heat and temperature (Baser, 2006). Temperature measures the intensity rather than quantity as in heat (Field, 2013). As such, considering the case of the soup, the particles could be averagely vibrating at the same speed in the pot and the mug thus making them both have the same temperature despite their difference in size. Temperature, as opposed to heat is not en ergy but rather its measure. Heat would normally be transferred from a hotter matter to a colder one until both matters have same temperature. But at times, heat transfer would not necessarily lead to change in temperature as the molecules of the matter absorbing heat basically change or rearrange, referred to as phase change. An example would be in water changing to vapor during heating. Both heat and temperature are not observable quantities. Similarly, just like heat, temperature could be measured. The device used to measure heat changes in a reaction is called a calorimeter which measures in joules (Jung, Lorente, Anderson, & Bejan, 2011). A thermometer would be used to measure temperature in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit. Properties of a Substance determining its Heat Capacity The heat capacity is a critical property of matter which represents the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a given quantity of matter by one degree (Zhang et al., 2011). Different mater ials would have different heat capacities. Take for instance blocks made of different materials but of the same mass and cross section of bases. When heated in an oven to same temperature and placed on a piece of ice, despite of their same mass and temperature, they would melt the ice to different depths. When measured per unit mass, this would be referred to as specific heat capacity. Heat capacity of a material would depend on its

The Persuaders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Persuaders - Essay Example One of the more obvious messages in the show was the attitude of competition. This was not just friendly competition, this was dog-eat-dog market warfare. The host talks of "preparing a guerrilla operation" as if going into battle. One of the advertising agents talks about the "fear in the agency business" and the players being "weakened and vulnerable". The tone is set and the message is that business is dead serious. They are not just selling soap; they are marketing high stakes business. In pursuing customers, they have discarded any pretense of the niceties of the fair deal. As one executive put it, "I am much more interested in how you feel than how you think". They are desperately trying to compete for your mind. Getting to the consumer's feelings means portraying a relationship with their culture and becoming more acceptable. This was done in one case by changing the words "estate tax" to the emotionally unacceptable "death tax". Understanding the culture, and what makes it act, prompted one ad executive to "Find out why people join cults and apply that knowledge to brands". Frank Luntz, political ad guru, says nothing in his ads are about political substance. He says, "Everything in here has a relationship to pop culture". Getting to the culture, without mentioning the product, is the advertiser's vehicle to branding. Getting the branding correct and ne

Economic Externalities And Market Failure Essay

Economic Externalities And Market Failure - Essay Example It can then, in turn, have either a positive or a negative effect on a third party individual who is not directly involved with the buyer or the seller of the transaction at hand.These costs (or benefits) are not included in the cost curve faced by the decision makers. For example, if I plant trees around my neighborhood, not only will I enjoy the benefits of having a street that is cooler and has more shade, but so will my neighbors, even though they did not have any part whatsoever to play in planting the trees. This is an instance of a positive externality. There are several instances that provide absolute evidence that the market economy is plowed with enough imperfections and that it is unable to achieve economic efficiency. Economic efficiency is both productive and allocative efficiency. Productive efficiency is achieved when goods are made with the least possible amount of scarce resources, in other words, goods are made at the lowest possible cost. Allocative efficiency is a chieved when the right amount of scarce resources are allocated towards the production of the right kind of products., i.e., when a combination of goods that leads to the maximum satisfaction of unlimited wants is produced, allocative efficiency is achieved. Therefore, the market fails to choose the right goods and services and is unable to produce them well enough. Market failure is a concept pertained to economic theory, whereby the allocation of goods and services by a free market is not very efficient.

Managerial Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Managerial Accounting - Essay Example The balanced scorecard method comprises of four different perspectives like, customer perspectives, financial perspectives, innovation and learning perspective and lastly the internal business process perspective. By the implementation of these perspectives the balance scorecard captures the lagging and the leading indicators which gives a balanced notion over the performance of the organisation. The leading indicators of the organisation measure the development of a new product, timely delivery of the product, satisfaction of the customer, competency of the employee, etc. However, under the lagging indicator of the organisation comes the financial measure of the organisation related to the profitability and its revenue growth. Thus the adoption of the balanced scorecard method is widely accepted around the globe because this enables the organisation in aligning staffs of all the levels under a single strategy for its successful execution. The main benefits that can be drawn from the implementation of the balanced scorecard method are the translation of the strategy into more easily understandable operational goals and metrics, alignment of the organisation around a coherent, single strategy, increasing the feasibility of strategy making it an attainable task for both the superiors and the subordinates as well, making the development of the strategy of the organisation a continuous process and lastly mobilizing change through effective and strong leadership (Johnson, n.d., pp.1-5). The main aim of balanced scorecard is to make a contribution towards the change of the factors related to the intangible assets and the long-term financial which would otherwise be uncontrollable. This has become feasible through the implementation of the perspectives of balanced scorecard. The main four perspectives of balanced score card has been mentioned earlier. Out of which the financial perspective shows the transformation of the strategy that leads to the economic success. Th us a double role is performed by the financial measure of the balanced scorecard. In application of the financial perspective of the balance scorecard in government arena differs from the private sectors. The objectives set by the financials of the private sector sets clear targets for profit seeking organisation which operates under a purely commercial environment. However, the success for the public undertakings is different in the sense that it is completely based on its efficiency and effectiveness to meet the needs of the constituencies. Thus, the financial perspective emphasises on the cost efficiency of the organisation so as to enhance the ability to deliver maximum value to the customers. The customer perspective of the balance scorecard method indicates the market segment under which the business of the organisation is operating. By means of appropriate strategic objectives, targets, measures and initiatives, the value proposition of the customer is represented in the cust omer perspective through which the organisation wants to draw competitive advantage in the envisaged market segments. In other words it can be said that the ability of the organisation to provide enhanced quality of goods and services through effective delivery services to gain overall customer satisfaction and service. However, in a

Reflective Response on Gioconda Belli and Slavenka Drakulic books Essay

Reflective Response on Gioconda Belli and Slavenka Drakulic books - Essay Example Belli grew up in a high class Nicaraguan family and her entire family was very unsympathetic towards the Somoza dictatorship that reigned at the time, in Nicaragua. She was a political activist and was against the views of her family because right from a young age, she established a position for herself in the Sandinista Party and joined the revolutionary government. At the family front however, in order to not disturb the minds of her parents and close knit family members, she kept her bourgeoisie job at a lush advertising company. The story follows as she becomes a very immediate part of the totalitarian regime and upheaval taking place in her country. It is an account of a political as well as personal encounter with the realities that the revolution presents forth. She finds herself disagreeing to a number of things her family want her do, and soon is not able to take control of her heart because of a need to liberate it and set herself free from the active militant she had becom e. On the other hand, Drakulic wrote a nonfiction piece about the various ramifications of various social and political conflicts taking place in East of Europe. She has written an account of how the failure of Communism resulted in a failure to meet the needs of women belonging to several countries like Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Poland and Germany, with the help of primary information in the form of interviews that she took with women belonging to these countries. (The Country Under My Skin: A Memoir of Love and War) She has written the narrative in the form of an essay, explaining the impact of the political strata of society on women and feminism in general. She has made references and given examples as to how women were subject to oppression and were treated terribly during the time, for example, how they were forced to live under a careless government that refused to supply them with basic necessities including toilet paper and even tampons. Thus, Drakulic is different from Bel li in this aspect as she did not experience the totalitarian regime taking place in Europe on her own, but through the eyes of various other women living in different countries across Europe. At the same time, Belli was able to give a very personal and first hand stance as to the experiences she had and the times she went through under the totalitarian regime that reigned in Nicaragua during the course of her growing up. Belli lived under a right wing totalitarian regime by becoming a part of the government whereas Drakulic was completely against the Communist regime and tried her best to make an attempt and resist it. Belli managed to smuggle weapons, run roadblocks, and also form legions with various revolutionists. She writes about how she made arguments with Castro and his regime, and contributed to representations at Third World conferences in order to liberate Nicaragua. She was thus a true insider and has been able to provide an honest opinion from the view of a woman of that time. On the other hand, Drakulic criticized the Communist empire and helped women liberate themselves in order to achieve a level of empowerment. She has tried to point out the inadequacies of the government in power and how they thought they were radical, but in reality, they were far from reaching that stage. She has tried to express through her writing, how women were looked down upon and forced to undertake steps

Factor effecting staff turnover in hsbc call centre(uk)and how it is Essay - 1

Factor effecting staff turnover in hsbc call centre(uk)and how it is effected & related with job satisfaction of employee - Essay Example To improve the competitive position, banks used cost-cutting weapons. They streamlined their processes, shifted back-office operations, boosted workforce productivity and tried to use as much as information technology as possible. Banks rate managing customer experience as the most important factor of success (Wisskirchen et al., 2006). Call centers are expected to give them this competitive edge. Call centers are the perfect embodiment of the ‘new’ service oriented economy (Moriset, 2004). Call centers use the latest technology and thus enable a day’s work to be done in an hour. These employees are often compared to the workers on the shop floor of a manufacturing unit. Call centers in any nation follow the same technique and have the same attributes. They usually have very flat management structures which provide very little scope for career advancement. Job satisfaction is call centers is very low which accounts for attrition and high turnover in the industry. There is a strong relationship between job satisfaction and staff turnover. If employees are satisfied and their needs are met, it can limit staff turnover. Job satisfaction has been defined as an attitudinal state which reflects all the affective feelings that a person has about the job, cite Biggs and Swailes (2006). This includes growth, pay, co-workers and supervisors that contribute towards satisfaction in varying degrees. The level of satisfaction differs across permanent workers and the agency workers. Many call centers appoint agency workers so that the parent employer does not have the responsibility of the staff. Permanent employees become de-motivated when their organization uses agency staff but agency workers are used to prevent layoffs and their commitment to organization is much lower than the permanent employees. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs suggests that the basic physiological needs have to be met first before a person can look ahead. Only when the basic needs are

Expla.in what happens in each of the three stages of the birth Assignment

Expla.in what happens in each of the three stages of the birth process. Explain the changes which must occur for the baby to sur - Assignment Example BH contractions come at irregular intervals, with varying lengths and intensity; while early labor pains are regular, short, and mild like menstrual cramps. Another point of difference is that BH contractions stop with a change in position; while, early labor contractions do not vanish whatever position the woman tries. These contractions start when the cervix begins to dilate and efface. Labor officially starts with the effacement and dilatation of the cervix. Effacement refers to the thinning or ripening of the cervix; while dilatation refers to opening of the cervix to the birth canal. Early labor may long several hours, and thus, there is no need to rush to the hospital, as these pains can be taken at home more comfortably. The woman reaches the end of early labor when the contractions become closer and longer, like when they are five minutes apart and are of about one minute duration. Bloody show/discharge of mucous plug may also be seen. The cervix should be dilated 4 cm at the end of early labor. 2.2. Active Labor In active labor, contractions become more regular, and become closer, longer, and intense. The cervix dilates more progressively until it reaches 10 cm. Complete dilatation is the transition phase. The baby starts descending in the pelvis. The doctor will now break the amniotic sac if it has not yet broken. For first time moms, active labor may be several hours longer; while, for experienced moms, active labor may be much quicker, ending in an hour or even in some minutes. Women may also go for epidural which is given in active labor, to diminish the pain. Natural remedies for pain management include breathing deeply and some other relaxation techniques taught in childbirth classes. It is better to lie on left side to ensure proper blood circulation to the baby. 3. Stage Two Stage two starts when the transition has occurred; the baby is in the pelvis; and, the mother is feeling the urge to push the baby. That is why this stage is also known as pushing. The contractions may now seem easier to cope, as the pushing sensation is different from the pain of contractions in the active labor. During this stage, the contractions of the uterus apply pressure on the baby, due to which it moves down into the pelvis or the birth canal. The woman may be told to start pushing with every contraction, if she does not feel the urge itself. The baby’s head will start showing. The pressure of the baby’s head is hard on the perineum, so the doctor will have to incise the perineum to escape a natural cut. Perineum is the space between the vagina and the rectum. When the head emerges, the doctor looks for the umbilical cord, and cuts it if it is wrapped around the neck. The baby turns sideways so as to come out easily. Another contraction will move the whole baby out, followed by bloody discharge. The umbilical cord is clamped. Once out, the baby’s mouth and nose are checked for mucous through suction. The mother takes a si gh of relief because the contractions end, taking away all the pain. The second stage of labor is quicker for mothers who have had vaginal deliveries before. 4. Stage Three Stage 3 is the delivery of the placenta, which occurs some minutes after the birth of the baby. This happens with some uterine contractions, which are

The military relationship between Qatar and the United States Essay

The military relationship between Qatar and the United States - Essay Example Similarly, the states in the Middle East have been seeking to relate with the United States in a manner that promotes their political, security, and economic interests. Historical records indicate that the first contacts between these two can be traced to the late eighteenth century when there were efforts to sustain relations between them. This was particularly reflected through American missionaries who were spreading Christianity in Middle East and Africa. Apart from spreading Christianity, they were also establishing educational institutions, primarily in Palestine, Syria, and Lebanon (Shunnaq 2012). In Post-World War II period, the United States has been seeking to maintain relations with the Middle East based on prevailing interests, mainly supply of oil and promoting security and democracy in the region. It should be noted that the relationship of the United States and the Middle East has also been largely shaped by how it relates with the Israeli state and conversely how Isra el is relating with the other states in the Middle East (Hahn 2005). Political analysts and historians argue that the Israel-Palestinian conflict has significantly shaped the United States policy in the Middle East. In addition, the recent happenings in Syria have been critical in defining how the United States relates with the Middle East, and vice-versa. ... States like Iran, Lebanon, and Syria are yet to warm to cordial relationship with the United States (Blanchard 2011). This paper will discuss the United States policy with specific reference to the military relationship between the United States and Qatar. Qatar is a small peninsular state that borders Saudi Arabia in the Gulf of Persia. It is a constitutional monarchy being headed by the Emir, Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thani. It gained full independence on 3rd September, 1971 from Britain. The Emir is the head of government and has the mandate of appointing members of the governing Council of ministers, headed by Prime Minister Abdallah bin Khalifa Al-Thani, who is the monarch’s brother (Fromherz 2011). It has a constitution that was approved in April 2003 and it stipulates that the state rule is hereditary within the family of Al-Thani. It further stipulates that the future successors will follow the Emir’s male offspring line. In addition, the constitution states that the re shall be a legislative authority residing in the hands of Advisory Council of 45 members, two-thirds of whom are elected directly, while one-third are appointees of the Emir. Natural gas and oil production is the backbone of Qatar’s robust economy, which has been experiencing an average annual economic growth of 9 percent over the last half a decade. It has signed a number of agreements with the United States energy companies such as ExxonMobil and ConocoPhillips. As regards its foreign policy, Qatar is a United Nations’ member, as well as being a member of the Gulf Cooperation Council, the Organization of Islamic Conference, the Arab League, and the Organization of

Financial pros and cons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Financial pros and cons - Essay Example Capital Budgeting decisions of Debt Financing vis-a-vis Equity Financing and Capital Expenditure The essay analyses the financial viability of setting up a new production plant including the financing decisions and whether Superior Living Inc. should go for an IPO. Financial Analysis of Superior Living Inc. Profitability and solvency position of a company is a direct way to understand how well a company is performing. For the purpose of analyzing let us look at the following ratios and how the company has fared: Net profit margin: The Company has been earning a healthy net profit margin which has been constantly increasing from 10.66% in the year to 11.77% in the year 2003. Operating margin: The Company has a better operating margin in 2003 of 19.60% over the previous years. This indicates the company is very efficient in managing its operating expenses to generate revenue. Return on Capital Employed: The Company have earned handsomely for its investors as return so far on its capita l employed stands at approximately 25% which is far more than the cost of capital, assuming it to be at 10%. Debt Equity ratio: This ratio identifies the solvency of the firm by measuring the leverage position of a company. Higher the ratio the more leverage a company is and vice versa and hence higher financial risk. Superior Living Inc. has a very low debt equity ratio i.e. ... Pros and cons of going public Raising money by going public indicates accepting money from investors in exchange of ownership and control of the company without the obligation of paying back the money. The company as per its convenience benefits the investors by paying dividend from time to time. This sounds like easy money for the company but the flip side is that the ownership and control over the company would be foregone for the amount invested via equity financing. In the case of Superior Inc. the company is comfortably placed in terms of book debts. The debt equity ratio very low which means the company has not used debt to the extent it should have used. Generally the ideal debt equity ratio should be 1:2 but for Superior it’s around 1:40. Therefore, the prudent course of action for Superior Inc. is too raise capital by debt financing route which also brings in tax advantage as interest paid on debts is deductible from profits and dividend paid on equity cannot be deduc ted from profits. Debt financing does not affect the ownership structure of the company; hence the control remains with the owners of the company. Pros and cons of a capital expenditure Superior Living Inc. plans to start a new production plant as part of their expansion plans. To determine the financial viability of the this capital expenditure, various capital budgeting decision tools were used which includes payback period, net present value, internal rate of return and modified internal rate of return. The cost of project is $5,000,000 over a year and cash flow would start flowing in the company only from the second year. The expected cash inflow as a result of new production plant is expected to

Realistic Fiction Genre Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Realistic Fiction Genre Study - Essay Example Realistic Fictions are stories that children of all ages will enjoy, since they help such children to understand the human relationships, thus preparing them for a life in the future, since they will have already understood the human problems (O'Connor, 2010). This makes them understand themselves better, as well as understanding the human potential in them. Through reading Realistic Fiction stories, children are presented with a mirror to see the world, allowing them to understand the complexities that exist in our world, while also preparing them psychologically for things to come. The essence of reading Realistic Fiction stories is not only to help children see the world in a clear view and prepare them for the future, but also to present an opportunity for such children to choose what they would want to be, based on the characters presented by the stories (Galda, Cullinan & Sipe, 2009). While the children are reading these stories, they engage directly with their favorite charact ers, closely observing how they dealt with the real world hardships and struggles. This shapes the children’s personality and attitudes towards life, since children can see themselves doing the same things. Therefore, Realistic Fiction Genre helps children to understand different people, places and cultures, giving them an opportunity to understand the world beyond what they see every day, while helping children to discover what they want to become in future. While selecting the books for my genre study, I embarked on defining the criteria to be used to come up with books that truly fit in the Realistic Fiction Genre. The criteria was assessing the books on the basis of evaluating whether they present every day realities that are essential in helping children understand the world. Additionally, the books were selected based on their ability to present characters that are realistic and credible, presenting opportunities that enlarge the readers thinking perspective, and presen ting topics and discussions that seems real and consequently believable. Through selecting books that qualify such criteria, the aims of Realistic Fiction Genre are satisfied, making the books appropriate and meaningful for reading by children. The first book I selected was The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Twain, Mark. This novel is about a mischievous and very adventurous boy called Tom Sawyer, who was living along the Mississippi River, in the St. Petersburg, Missouri (Twain, 1990). Tom is an ill-behaved boy, who engages in fights at school, consequently dirtying his clothes and arriving home a total mess. As a punishment for his misbehavior, he is required to whitewash a fence, which he is apparently not willing to do. Therefore, he applies his cunningness to trick his friend into doing it, with a promise of granting him some treasure in form of tickets to a Bible memorizing contest, where one would end up with a Bible as a prize. Despite being cunning and lazy, Tom is also immora l and dishonest. He happens to fall in love with a new girl who had recently arrived in town, Becky Thatcher, and asks her to kiss him, as a sign of engagement. Becky reluctantly agrees to kiss him, only to realize the dishonesty of Tom later on, when she discovers that she had been previously engaged to a different girl, Amy. Consequently, he is rejected by Becky and reverts to his mischievous life, this time in the company of Huckleberry, who was a son of a famous town drunkard. In their adventure to a grave to try out some cure, they witnessed a

Under the Bombs Analysis Essay Example for Free

Under the Bombs Analysis Essay As my first extra credit assignment I had the opportunity to watch â€Å"Under the Bombs†, directed by Philippe Aractingi. The movie became available to the public in 2007, embodying some of the events of the 2006 Lebanon War. The main character of the movie is a wealthy Lebanese Muslim by the name of Zeina Nasrueddi. Although she is from Lebanon, she lives in Dubai with her husband and son Karim. Due to complications within their marriage, Zeina and her husband send their son to stay with her sister in Lebanon. Not too long after, Zeina hears about the outbreak of the war, she rushes to Lebanon to find her son. When she gets there, she finds the area and all of its buildings destroyed. While searching for her son she gains information on his whereabouts. The information sends her on a journey with a Lebanese taxi driver in search of her son. When she finally arrives at her son’s stated location, she finds only her son’s friend who explains to Zeina that Karim is dead. The plot of the movie was very riveting and action-packed. There are many ups and downs throughout the storyline, keeping the viewer intrigued and reeled in. Although the movie wasn’t directed at religion specifically, I was able to view a couple of the Lebanese traditions. Some of the traditions I picked up on were the attire and dances. The taxi driver was Christian so I would have to assume that the dance he conducted in the movie was one of Lebanese tradition and not Muslim. The dance was his attempt of lightening the mood for the very tense and worried Zeina. As far as the attire goes, the women wore long dresses, only revealing their face. This form of attire is very closely related to the Muslim tradition. Although the ending was rather sad, the movie was great in content.

Metaphysics and Monism Essay Example for Free

Metaphysics and Monism Essay People are monists, dualists or pluralists depending on whether or not they believe that reality is composed of one, two or more substances. These positions may be represented as here indicated. Hindus, Buddhists and Animists are for the most part monists. They believe that reality is one and that everything that exists is a functioning part of that whole which is spirit. Western man for the most part may be called a monist also as he believes that God is dead and matter is the only substance to reality. Bible believing Christians would be pluralists. In philosophy of mind, monism is usually contrasted with the dualist position that mind and matter are deeply different. Thus, monism is the claim that mind and matter essentially the same. However, this sameness has come in a number of different and contradictory varieties. For example, Hobbes felt that the mental is merely and epiphenomena of the physical, thus the physical is the one real substance (Contemporary materialism is also a form of physicalistic monism (see Churchland, 1996). In direct contrast, Berkeley postulated that the physical is just a collection of ideas (hence, idealism) and thus the mental is the only thing that really exists. Finally, there are a number of positions similar to Spinozas property dualism, often referred to as dual-aspect theory. Spinoza held a position in which the mental and the physical are simply two modes of a more basic substance (it should be noted that strictly speaking, Spinoza was not a property dualist as he held that the mental and the physical were two of a possible infinite number of modes of the basic substance, nevertheless he is typically labeled as one). For Spinoza, this basic substance was God. Thus the only real thing is God, who is neither physical nor mental. Spinozas position is similar to that of Russells neutral monism, however the latter is not committed to the belief that a supreme being is the more basic substance. General Information Monism is any doctrine based on the assumption of a single underlying principle. Metaphysical monism allows that only one being or type of being exists. A substantial metaphysical monism asserts that the variety in our phenomenal experience is due to the different states of a single all-encompassing substance, for example, Parmenides Plenum or Baruch Spinozas God or Nature. An attributive monism admits many substances but asserts that they are all of the same kind, for example, atoms or G. W. von Leibnizs monads. Epistemological monism identifies that which is immediately present to the knowing mind with the real object known. Either the content of the mind is equated with the object known (epistemological realism), or the object known is equated with the knowing mind (epistemological idealism). Monism as a philosophical term was first used by Christian Wolff to designate philosophies that attempted to eliminate the mind-body dichotomy. Monism (Greek monos,single), in philosophy, is a doctrine that ultimate reality is entirely of one substance. Monism is thus opposed to both dualism and pluralism. Three basic types of monism are recognized: materialistic monism, idealistic monism, and the mind-stuff theory. According to the first doctrine, everything in the universe, including mental phenomena, is reduced to the one category of matter. In the second doctrine, matter is regarded as a form of manifestation of mind; and in the third doctrine, matter and mind are considered merely aspects of each other. Although monistic philosophies date from ancient Greece, the term monism is comparatively recent. It was first used by the 18th-century German philosopher Christian von Wolff to designate types of philosophical thought in which the attempt was made to eliminate the dichotomy of body and mind. Although he was not known by the term, the 17th-century Dutch philosopher Baruch Spinoza was one of the most influential monists. He taught that both material and spiritual phenomena are attributes of one underlying substance. His doctrine strongly anticipated the mind-stuff theory. Advanced Information Although the term was first used by German philosopher Christian Wolff (1679-1754), monism is a philosophical position with a long history dating back to the pre-Socratic philosophers who appealed to a single unifying principle to explain all the diversity of observed experience. Notable among these thinkers is Parmenides, who maintained that reality is an undifferentiated oneness, or unity, and that consequently real change or individuality of things are there? Substantival monism (one thing) is the view that there is only one substance and that all diversity is ultimately unreal. This view was maintained by Spinoza, who claimed that there is only one substance, or independently existing thing, and that both God and the universe are aspects of this substance. In addition to having many eminent proponents in the Western philosophical tradition, substantival monism is a tenet of Hinduism and Buddhism. In Hinduism each element of reality is part of maya or prakriti, and in Buddhism all things ultimately comprise an interrelated network. Attributive monism (one category) holds that there is one kind of thing but many different individual things in this category. Materialism and idealism are different forms of attributive monism. The materialist holds that the one category of existence in which all real things are found is material, while the idealist says that this category is mental. All monisms oppose the dualistic view of the universe, which holds that both material and immaterial (mental and spiritual) realities exist. Attributive monism disagrees with substantival monism in asserting that reality is ultimately composed of many things rather than one thing. Many leading philosophers have been attributive monists, including Bertrand Russell and Thomas Hobbes on the materialistic side, and G. W. Leibniz and George Berkeley in the idealist camp. The Christian intellectual tradition has generally held that substantival monism fails to do justice to the distinction between God and creature, and that of attributive monisms only idealism is theologically acceptable.

Improving Performance of MANET under DSR Protocol

Improving Performance of MANET under DSR Protocol Improving Performance of MANET under DSR Protocol using Swarm Optimization to avoid redundancy CHAPTER 5 Implementation and Testing The implementation phase of any project development is the most important phase as it yields the final solution, which solves the problem at hand. The implementation phase involves actual materialization of the ideas, which are expressed in the analysis document and developed in design phase. Implementation of any software is always preceded by important decisions regarding selection of the platform, the language used, etc. These decisions are often influenced by several factors such as the real environment in which the system work, the speed that is required, the security concerns, other implementation specific details etc. Implementation should be perfect matching with the design document in order to achieve the necessary final product. For implementation of our system we use Network Simulator (NS) tool for simulation of the network and programming languages like Tool Command Language (TCL) and AWK are used for coding. 5.1 General Implementation Implementation and simulation under NS-2 consists of 3 steps: Simulation Design The first step in simulating a network is to design the simulation. In this step, the users should determine the simulation purposes, network configuration and assumptions, the performance measures, and the type of expected results Configuring and Running Simulation This step implements the design described in the first step. It consists of two phases: Network configuration phase: In this phase network components (e.g., node, mobile sink, base station TCP and UDP) are created and configured according to the simulation design. Also, the events such as data transfer are scheduled to start at a certain time. Simulation Phase: This phase starts the simulation which was configured in the Network Configuration Phase. It maintains the simulation clock and executes events chronologically. An algorithm is a procedure or formula for solving a problem. A computer program can be viewed as an elaborate algorithm. In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm usually means a small procedure that solves a recurrent problem. The algorithms used in the project to solve the problem. Evaluation of Fitness Function The fitness function F(x) is defined as follows: F(x) = PDR/k k*[NO + AD + PD] Where, NO = Normalized Overhead AD = Average End to End Delay PD = Number of Packet drop PDR = Packet Delivery Ratio k = Proportionality constant used for the optimization of fitness function. Value of k lies between 0 1 i.e. O 5.1.1 Proposed Algorithm 1) Genetic Algorithm Step 1. Simulate the network using the DSR protocol. Step 2. After the simulation, analyze the Trace file. This gives the number of different paths for the same source and destination pair. Step 3. Choose two paths PI P2 for the same source and destination pair with the equal number of nodes n. Step 4. Calculate the Routing Load (RL) MAC Load (ML),Packet Delivery Ratio ( PDR), End-to-End Delay (D), and number of packets dropped, for the selected path. Step 5. Apply fitness function on the path chosen in step 3. Step 6. Apply crossover on the path chosen in step 3 at random site. Step 7. Apply mutation after crossover on the path chosen in step 3 on the randomly chosen site. Step 8. Step 6 gives two new paths P1 P2 with one new node as compared to the old path. Let the new node in path PI be nl and in P2 be n2. Step 9. If n 1 belongs to network topology then apply the fitness function on the respective path otherwise discard the path. Step 10. Do the same for node n2 as in Step 9. Step 11. Consider the path with the highest fitness function value and:- { Respective path will be the optimal path for the given source and destination pair. The node replaced from the previous path is the misbehaving node. } 2) Ant Colony Optimization Step 1: Calculate the probability of selection of newly generated path that are obtain by applying genetic algorithm for the given source-destination pair. The path will be selected with the higher probability. P à °Ã‚ Ã…“‚ij= pheromone on the link. à °Ã‚ Ã…“‚ij visibility factor of the link. B k k is a constant used for optimization and lies between 0 and 1 à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¼, B are the constant aco optimization constant Step 2: The backward ant accumulates the pheromone and also the evaporation of pheromone take place, now we calculate the updated pheromone after the evaporation, à °Ã‚ Ã…“ ij= (i,j) accumulated pheromone on the link. FF Fitness Function k proposnality à °Ã‚ Ã…“ new=Ï *à °Ã‚ Ã…“ old+à °Ã‚ Ã…“  Step 3: The path with the higher path preference probability will be considered as the best path and the data transmission can be started along that path. Network Simulator2 (NS2) Network Simulator (Version 2), extensively recognized as NS2, is basically an event driven simulation tool that has established helpful in learning the dynamic environment of communication networks. Simulation of agitated as well as wireless network purposes and protocols for example, routing algorithms, TCP, and UDP can be completed using NS-2. In all-purpose, and then the NS-2 make available for the users by means of a way of identifying such network protocols and simulating their corresponding activities. NS-2 is written in C++, with an OTcl1 interpreter as a command and configuration interface. The C++ part, which is fast to run but slower to change, is used for detailed protocol implementation. The OTcl part, on the other hand, which runs much slower but can be changed very fast quickly, is used for simulation configuration. One of the advantages of this split language program approach is that it allows for fast generation of large scenarios. To simply use the simulator, it is sufficient to know OTcl. On the other hand, one disadvantage is that modifying and extending the simulator requires programming and debugging in both languages. NS-2 can simulate the following: Topology: Wired Wireless Transport Protocols: TCP, UDP Routing: Static and dynamic routing Application: FTP, HTTP, Telnet, Traffic generators 5.2.1 Basic Architecture of NS2 The basic architecture of NS2 is shown in the figure 5.1 below. NS2 provides users with executable command ns which take one input quarrel, the name of a Tcl simulation scripting file. Users are providing for the name of a Tcl simulation script as an input argument of anNS2 executable command that is ns. In the majority suitcases, a simulation trace file is shaped, and is second-hand to plot graph and/or to construct animation. NS-2 consists of two key languages: C++ and Object-oriented Tool Command Language (OTcl). While the C++ characterizes the internal apparatus of the simulation objects, the OTcl sets up simulation by pull together and configuring the substance as well as preparation discrete events. The C++ and the OTcl are linked collectively by means of TclCL. Mapped to a C++ object; variables in the OTcl sphere of influence are occasionally referred to as switches. Theoretically, a handle for example, n as a Node handle is just a string in the Otcl sphere of influence, and does not surround any functionality. Instead, the functionality for example, receiving a packet is distinct in the mapped C++ object examples are, of class Connector. In the OTcl province, a handle take steps as a frontend which interrelated with consumers and other Otcl objects. After simulation, NS-2 out puts moreover text-based or animation-based simulation consequences. Figure 5.1: Basic Architecture of NS2 To interpret these results graphically and interactively, tools such as NAM (Network Animator) and Xgraph are used. To investigate an exacting behavior of the network, clients can extract a relevant subset of text-based data and make over it to a more conceivable presentation Tcl and OTcl Programming Tcl (Tool Command Language) is used by millions of people in the world. It is a language with a very simple syntax and it allows a very easy integration with other languages. The characteristics of these languages are as follows: It allows a fast development It provide a graphic interface It is compatible with many platforms It is flexible for integration It is easy to use It is free Some of the basics of Tcl and Otcl programming are listed below. Assigning a value to a variable is done through the â€Å"set† command; for example: â€Å"set b 0†assigns the value 0 to b. When we want to use the value assigned to a variable, we should use a $ sign before the variable. For example, if we want to assign the value of the variable b, we should write â€Å"set x $a†. A mathematical operation is done using the expression command. For example, if we wish to assign the sum of values of variables a and b, we should write â€Å"set x [expr $a+$b]†. The sign # starts a commented line that is not part of the program, so the Tcl interpreter will not execute this line. Performance Analysis Module This module performs processing of output result set to compute the various performance metrics required to analyze the performance of flow slice based routing. This module includes following AWK scripts to compute various performance metrics. Plotting graphs for the performance metric to analyze the performance. The Fig 4.11 gives Flow chart for working of performance analysis module, Understanding the trace file format is essential for modeling performance metric computation. Manually interpretation of NS2 trace files for wireless simulation as follows ACTION:[s|r|D]: s sent, r received, D dropped WHEN:the time when the action happened WHERE:the node where the action happened LAYER:AGT application, RTR routing, LL link layer (ARP is done here), IFQ outgoing packet queue (between link and mac layer), MAC Mac, PHY physical SEQNO:the sequence number of the packet TYPE:The packet type cbr CBR data stream packet ftp – FTP data stream packet DSR DSR routing packet (control packet generated by routing) RTS RTS packet generated by MAC 802.11 ARP link layer ARP packet SIZE:the size of packet at current layer, when packet goes down, size increases, goes up size decreases [a b c d]:a The packet duration in Mac layer header b The mac address of destination c The mac address of source d The mac type of the packet body Figure 5.2: Flow chart for working of performance analysis module Initialization and Termination of NS2 An ns simulation starts with the command set ns [new Simulator] The first line in the tcl script. This declares a new variable NS using the set command. The code [new Simulator] is the instantiation of the class Simulator using the reserved word new.In order to have output files with data in the simulation (trace files) or files for visualization (nam files); we need to create the files using the â€Å"open† command as follows: #Open the Trace file set tracefile1 [open out.tr w] $ns trace-all $namfile #Open the NAM trace file Set namfile [open out.nam w] $ns namtrace-all $namfile The above procedures create a data trace file called â€Å"out.tr† and a nam visualization trace file called â€Å"out.nam†. The second lines open the file â€Å"out.tr† to be used for writing, declared with the letter â€Å"w†. The third line uses a simulator method called trace-all that have name of file as parameter where the traces will go. The termination of the program is done using a â€Å"finish† procedure. #Define a finish procedure proc finish {} { global ns tracefile1 namfile $ns flush–trace close $tracefile1 close $namfile execnamout.nam exit 0 } Plotting with X graph Xgraph is a plotting utility that is provided by ns. It allows to create postscript, Tgif files, and others, by clicking on the button â€Å"Hdcpy†. It can be invoked within the tcl command which results in an immediate display after the end of the simulation. The xgraph command expects one or more ASCII files as input containing each x-y data point pair perl line. Some of the options in xgraph are: Title: use –t â€Å"title†. Size: geometry xsize z ysize. Title for axis: -x â€Å"xtitle† (for the title of the x axis) and –y â€Å"ytitle† (for the title of the y axis) Color of text and grid: with the flag –v Command for the above options would be shown below Xgraph ov.xg in terms of load units for the† overhead†,Xgraph dl.xg in terms of microsec â€Å"delay†,Xgraph pdr.xg percentage of delivered data for† packet deliver ratio†. 5.3 Network Animator (NAM) When a simulation is finished, NS produces one or more text-based output files that contain detailed simulation data, if specified to do so in the input script. The data can be used for simulation analysis or as an input to a graphical simulation display tool called NAM. NAM has a nice graphical user interface. It can graphically present information such as throughput and number of packet drops at each link NAM is started with the command nam where is the name of a NAM trace file that was generated by NS, or it can execute it directly out of the TCL simulation script for the simulation to visualize. Figure 5.3: A Simple NAM Window 5.4 Test Setup The aim of testing stage is to discover defects/errors by testing individual program components. These components may be functions and the objects or modules. During system testing then these components are integrated to form the complete system. At this stage, of testing should focus on establishing that the system meets its functional requirements and does not behave in unexpected ways. Test data are inputs which have been devised to test the system whereas test cases are inputs to test the system and the outputs are predicted from these inputs if the system operates according to its specification the result of this is used to examine the behavior in a cohesive system. The test cases are selected to ensure that the system behavior can be examined in all possible combinations of conditions. Detecting all the different failure modes for software is generally infeasible. Software testing is used in association with verification and validation: Verification: Have built the software right (i.e., does it match the specification)? Validation: Have built the right software (i.e., is this what the customer wants)? Testing Process Testing is an integral part of software development. Testing process, in a way certifies, whether the product, that is developed, complies with the standards, that it was designed for Testing process involves building of test cases, against which, the product has to be tested. In some cases, test cases are done based on the system requirements specified for the product/software, which is to be developed. Testing Objectives These following objectives imply a dramatic change in view port the testing cannot show absence of defects, it can only show that software errors are present. Testing forms process of executing a program with the intent of finding an error. A good test case design is one that has a probability of finding an error yet undiscovered. A successful test will discovers all the bugs and user can undertake steps to rectify them. 5.4.1 Test Environment The software was tested on the following platform. Operating System – Ubuntu 11.10 Ns-allinone-2.35 DSR to find multiple paths using Genetic Algorithm 5.4.2 System testing Here the entire software system is tested and the reference document for this process is the requirements document the main goal is to see if the system meets its requirements. Each module and component of project was thoroughly tested to remove bugs through a system testing strategy. Test cases were generated for all possible input sequences and the output was verified for its correctness. Test cases for system testing are mentioned below. Software testing is the process used to help identify the correctness and completeness of developed system. Testing is a process of technical investigation that is intended to reveal if the system works in a way it is intended to operate. Testing furnishes a comparison that compares the state and behavior of the product against a specification. Software testing also provides an objective and the independent view of the software to allow the business to appreciate and understand the risks of software implementation. 5.4.3 Testing Artifacts Software testing development shown with many artifacts and they are: Test Plan: A test specification is normally known as test plan and the investigators are well conscious about what test plans determination is implemented and this information is made obtainable to administration and the developers. The manager or the foremost supervisory plan is to put together them more careful when increasing the code or construction additional revolutionizes. Traceability matrix: A traceability matrix is counters that draw a parallel necessity or propose for the documents to test documents and it is used to substantiate that the results are acceptable. Test case: The test case in general consists of a exclusive identifier and obligation references from a design specification then the preconditions along with the events a series of steps known as actions to follow the input output and expected result including the actual result. All these phases can be accumulated in a word central processing unit document, with the spreadsheet, and also the database, or other common repository. Test suite: The good number of frequent phrase for a collected works of test cases is a test suite. The test suite frequently also contains more comprehensive instructions or goals for each collected works of test cases. Test data: Numerous positions of standards or data are used to test the identical functionality of an exacting characteristic. It is also helpful to manufacture this data to the client and with the creation of or a project. Test harness: The software apparatus, illustration of information input and output, and arrangements are all referred to cooperatively as a test harness. Testing Methods The testing methods describe the approach that is used to test the working of the project. These approaches tests whether the functionality of the project address with the existing requirements. Overall functionality of the project is also tested. Types of test carried out are: Unit testing Integration testing Function testing Unit testing A unit test is a piece of code that invokes a unit of work and checks one specific end result of that unit of work. If the assumptions on the end result turn out to be wrong, the unit test has failed. In unit testing and black-box testing then the white-box testing are done to check the correctness of the existing functionality. Normal Manual testing has been done to check the correctness of the functionality of the project. Then the further results of each testing are depicted in the table the test case approach has been chosen out of the testing artifacts. Integration Testing Integration testing is any type of software testing that seeks to verify the interfaces between the components against a software design. Integration test may be performed all at once the top-down and bottom-up then significant piece first, some time integrating functional subsystems first and then integrating the subsystems in separate phases using any of the basic strategies. Usually larger the project, the more important the integration strategy will be to the project. Functional testing Functional testing is the generation of test cases from specifications is a valuable and flexible approach to software testing application from very early system specification right through module specification Functional testing deriving test cases from program specifications. Functional said to set of information used in test cases design not to what is tested also known as Specification based testing (from specifications) black-box testing (no view of the code)and the Functional and the specification description of intended program behavior either formal or informal.

Charlotte Temple By Susanna Rowson English Literature Essay

Charlotte Temple By Susanna Rowson English Literature Essay Charlotte represents an average girl and how society was building them to be, very insecure and weak; not prepared for the real life and the dangers lurking beneath those pleasures. Therefore, it is very easy to bamboozle and seduce these young ladies. The term seducing in this content is defined as tempting not necessarily used in a sexual manner but more of a convincing strategy used to do something they would not do on their own. When Mademoiselle La Rue asked Charlotte to go with her to a summerhouse belonging to a gentlemen she met at church, who had asked her to bring some of the ladies with her, she mentioned the gentlemen as a relation, and spoke in such high terms of the elegance of his gardens, the sprightliness of his conversations, and the liberality with which he ever entertained his guest, that Charlotte thought only of the pleasure she would enjoy in this visit (pg.58). Charlotte was not a girl of bad intentions. As a matter of fact, most of the time she even regretted going because she was astonished at the freedom Mademoiselle La Rue had allowed them to have and how free the conversation was. In return, this all made her feel uneasy, guilty, thoughtful, and wishing she was back at the safety of her chamber. In this story seduction plays a huge role, the thought of fitting into societys expectations and achieving your role as a house wife was all that matter to these young ladies; which made it very easy to convince them that a certain path is the correct without having to provide many explanations. For many however, the reality was that, In affairs of love a young heart is never in more danger than when attempted by a handsome young soldier (pg. 59). A soldier with many empty promises, a man that is dressed nicely and says a couple of good words to her to make her feel she is in love and believe he is all she needs. He would make her believe in abandoning everything she knows, her family, friends, and virtue; to follow someone who perhaps has n o idea how to be a gentleman and treat a lady like she should be treated, who simply has no idea what life is about himself. All of this just to fit in with what everyone expects of a women. Mainly in the case of a soldier, an active member of the military, which in any case can be sent to defend their country, and in many cases pay the ultimate sacrifice. In one of the many attempts to stop this tragedy from happening throughout the book, Montravilles father says that a soldier has no business thinking of a wife until he has achieved a rank high enough that he would not have to fear losing his life or not having enough money to support himself and his family. At this time in America, everything the women did was supposed to revolve around the men. Women were educated to please, to educate their young boys, to take care of the men when they were grown, to advise and console them, to surrender everything they had; these were the duties of women, and this is what was taught to them from their infancy. Making it all they knew of life and this is all they wanted. At the party in the summerhouse, Montraville gave Charlotte a letter; explaining all of his feelings and how he desired only to be with her. Charlotte knew that reading the letter was a bad idea since her mother had always mentioned to her that if she were to receive a letter from a young man, she should not read it without given it to her mother first. At which, all Mademoiselle La Rue said was, Lord bless you, my dear girl! Have you a mind to be leading strings all your life time. Prithee open the letter, read it, and judge for yourself; if you shew it your mother the consequence wi ll be you will be taken from school, and a strict guard kept over you, so you will stand no chance of ever seeing the smart young officer again (pg. 62). La Rue then continues lighting the fire by telling her how Montraville is going to war in America and how she will not alleviate him by permitting him to think that she would remember him when absent, and pray for his safety. The thought of adventure, love, and one day being a wife; were enough to make this words sound like words of wisdom and being the turning point of her life. As Charlotte read the letter, Mademoiselle eyed her with a malignant pleasure knowing that she had accomplished her goal in convincing Charlotte. She saw that the contents of the letter had awakened new emotions in the young and innocent girl, and before they parted it was determined that Charlotte was going to meet Montraville the next evening. If young women at this age were more exposed to reality and had more freedom to discover things themselves; they would have had a better understanding of life in general. However, being acknowledged as nothing more than a housewife, they were secluded from normal everyday experiences that would have taught them many lessons. For example, casual dating was not allowed and it made you look like a trashy woman. On the contrary, they had to wait for the one man that would tell them how beautiful they were and get married. In most cases, the women would barely know the history behind this man with whom they were going to spend the rest of their lives. This must have sent various sensations which agitated the womans mind. In Charlottes case it did, the book states that, Several times did she almost resolve to go to her governess, shew her the letter, and be guided by her advice: but Charlotte had taken one step in the ways of imprudence, and when that is once done there are always innumera ble obstacles to prevent the erring person returning to the path of rectitudeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (pg. 69). If Charlotte would have gone to her governess or even had experience a similar situation in the past, she wouldnt have been so desperate or confused about her decision. Charlotte would question herself, pondering if she was being ungrateful for what Mademoiselle was doing for her. Nowadays things are very different. In sixth grade young girls all over the country are having their first boyfriends or have already had a boyfriend. Not looking for marriage or any type of serious commitment but just learning from experience to prepare them for what life is like. As many say, Making mistakes just means you are learning faster. Charlotte Temple was not as fortunate as nowadays women are. Her first letter concluded with her making a horrible decision, leading to her death. Like all women during that era Charlotte, was a victim of society and their expectations. Of everyones beliefs, that women were just beautiful and did not have a saying or could do anything other than being a wife. She was a victim of tradition, being taught to be nice to her husband, cook, raise the kids, and take care of the house. Moreover, she was a victim of her so called friends, who gave her what she believed was great advice then turned around and left her with nothing but poverty, loneliness, and a baby. The reality is that she never really had any real support; from the very beginning she was being misinformed and deceived. Just like many of the other women, in search of happiness, love, and acceptance; left everything they had and gained nothing in return.